Cycling around a Curve: The Effect of Cycling Speed on Steering and Gaze Behavior

Vansteenkiste, Pieter; Hamme, David Van; Veelaert, Peter; Philippaerts, Renaat; Cardon, Greet; Lenoir, Matthieu

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102792

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In this respect, "dwell-time fixation" is defined by a minimum fixation duration of 100 ms and a maximum visual angle variation of one degree. Consistent with protocol from similar studies [36,[42][43][44], if the visual angle varies up to one degree, it means that the gaze is fixed; the end of a fixation is defined when the eye deviates from the fixation start position by more than one degree. The list of variables measured in this study are presented in Table 1 with their description; Table 2 presents how the analysis is segmented by type of intersection and experience level.…”

Section: Analysis Approach and Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Visual Eye Gaze While Cycling: Analyzing Eye Tracking at Signalized Intersections in Urban Conditions

Rupi

Krizek

2019

Sustainability

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The manner in which cyclists visually perceive elements of the urban environment plays an important role in bicycle crashes, which have been increasing in recent years. Yet, how visual information is processed by the user while riding a bike is still poorly analyzed by researchers. This study investigates cyclists’ eye gaze behavior at signalized intersections taking into account a set of gaze characteristics. Recording cyclist’s visual fixations by mobile-eye glasses in a real outdoor environment, a total of 13 field tests have been analyzed along a three-kilometer route in the urban center of Bologna, Italy. Findings reveal key differences in gaze behavior by experience level of the cyclist and type of intersection.

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Section: Analysis Approach and Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Visual Eye Gaze While Cycling: Analyzing Eye Tracking at Signalized Intersections in Urban Conditions

Rupi

Krizek

2019

Sustainability

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“…Consistent with this finding, in a recent study on cyclists, Vansteenkiste, Van Hamme et al (2014) found that during cycling along a circular path an anticipatory steering strategy is used at curve entrance while a compensatory closed-loop control is used during the cornering phase. The fact that a uni-phasic 4 manoeuvre can be conducted without feedback but a bi-phasic manoeuvre cannot, suggests that drivers require feedback to generate a second steering phase.…”

Section: Vehicle Steeringsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…It has been suggested that drivers may use future path and tangent point at different steering stages, for example, tangent point could be used to enter a corner whereas future path could be employed in later cornering phase (Lappi 2014). On-road experimental data also suggest that there is no evidence showing those two strategies are mutually exclusive, it is likely that drivers use multiple strategies in different situations during corner negotiation (Vansteenkiste, Van Hamme et al 2014, Itkonen, Pekkanen et al 2015.…”

Section: Vehicle Steeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During such experiments, participants are typically required to move within an artificially generated force field with unfamiliar dynamics, a task they appear able to master even when (Kandil, Rotter et al 2009, Lappi, Lehtonen et al 2013, Lehtonen, Lappi et al 2014, Vansteenkiste, Van Hamme et al 2014, Itkonen, Pekkanen et al 2015. These studies help address issues related to many steering models, as introduced above, but they…”

Section: Issues That Have Not Been Previously Addressedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensorimotor basis of motor vehicle control

Xu¹

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Driving represents one of the most common modes of transport world-wide. It is also one of the major causes of death and injury in developed societies prompting technological innovations through which computers share or assume control of the task of driving, through a range of Advanced Driver Assisting Systems (ADAS). Given the lengthy and substantial investment in such systems it is perhaps surprising how little we understand about how humans control motor vehicles and why, on occasion, this control fails. This is actually a problem. Driver-assist systems that do not understand human drivers well can be dangerous and promote unforeseen risks. For example, anti-lock braking systems, which are designed to prevent skidding during heavy braking, do not always have the positive impact on safety one might expect (Farmer, Lund et al. 1997, Sagberg, Fosser et al. 1997, perhaps because their operation does not mesh seamlessly with the expectations of drivers or other road users.One route to gaining a better understanding of the control processes employed by drivers, is through the study of situations in which standard steering strategies fail. In this thesis the In this thesis, we investigated this effect in a series of experiments aimed at getting to the bottom of the causes of this error. The thesis begins by seeking to generalize the effect from the special case of a straight road which was the focus of earlier studies. This was deemed important because a typical steering wheel has a natural tendency to re-centre itself. It is possible that this behaviour reduces the active steering movements a driver must make during a lane change, since they do not have to actively return the steering-wheel to the neutral position. For that reason, we designed a circular road on which a non-zero steering wheel angle was required at all times. Through this study, we were able to conclude that the effect does generalize.In a second set of experiments we attempted to investigate which visual cues are essential for drivers to correct their error. Apparently, a normal road with redundant information provides sufficient visual feedback for drivers to make a lane change. However, it is of interest to know to what extent the visual feedback can be reduced and still meet the minimum requirement. In our study, we chose optic flow as a starting point. Optic flow has previously been shown to suffice for the purpose of heading perception and heading control.A number of 'steering-towards-a-target' studies also found that optic flow is tightly related to ii steering performance. Hence, we asked whether optic flow was sufficient for controlling a lane change manoeuvre and, unlike much of the previous studies on flow, we posed the question in an active steering task, revealing that flow alone is not sufficient to prompt correct lane changing behaviour.In the concluding set of experiments we took our studies out into the field. Most previous studies on lane changing have been conducted in driving simulators. Simulators are limited in that th...

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“…Otherwise, at the speed of their descent, reacting only after the effects of the irregularities on the terrain are felt would cause them to lose balance and fall. Anticipatory motor actions, thought to depend on the cerebellum (1,2), are quintessential for skilled performance in sport, but they are also part of our everyday behavior: from walking (3)(4)(5), to grasping (6)(7)(8) and to riding a bicycle (9). The question then arises as to how these actions are controlled?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Perceptual Shaping of Anticipatory Actions

Maffei

Herreros

Sánchez-Fibla

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Humans display anticipatory motor responses to minimize the adverse effects of predictable perturbations. A widely accepted explanation for this behavior relies on the notion of an inverse model that, learning from motor errors, anticipates corrective responses. Here, we propose and validate the alternative hypothesis that anticipatory control can be realized through a cascade of purely sensory predictions that drive the motor system, reflecting the causal sequence of the perceptual events preceding the error. We compare both hypotheses in a simulated anticipatory postural adjustment task.We observe that adaptation in the sensory domain, but not in the motor one, supports the robust and generalizable anticipatory control characteristic of biological systems. Our proposal unites the neurobiology of the cerebellum with the theory of active inference and provides a concrete implementation of its core tenets with great relevance both to our understanding of biological control systems and, possibly, to their emulation in complex artefacts.

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Cycling around a Curve: The Effect of Cycling Speed on Steering and Gaze Behavior

Cited by 45 publications

References 40 publications

Visual Eye Gaze While Cycling: Analyzing Eye Tracking at Signalized Intersections in Urban Conditions

Visual Eye Gaze While Cycling: Analyzing Eye Tracking at Signalized Intersections in Urban Conditions

Sensorimotor basis of motor vehicle control

The Perceptual Shaping of Anticipatory Actions

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