Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides using Pentaerythritol and Halides as Dual Catalyst System

Abstract

The combination of pentaerythritol with nucleophilic halide salts such as nBu4NI is used as a dual catalyst system for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) with a broad range of organic epoxides yielding the respective cyclic carbonates. Due to synergistic effects of the organocatalysts, excellent yields and selectivities could be achieved under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the nontoxic, cost-efficient, and readily available system is easily recyclable without significant loss of reactivity, representing an exceptional sustainable approach for the fixation of CO2.

A Porous Metal–Organic Framework Assembled by [Cu30] Nanocages: Serving as Recyclable Catalysts for CO2 Fixation with Aziridines

“…The results indicate that free Cu 2+ ions did not effectively catalyze the cycloaddition reaction with 1‐ethyl‐2‐phenylaziridine, and the anions in salts also do not have obvious effect on the reaction. To our surprise, the yield of the reaction with TBAB (Table 1, entry 10) is higher than that under Cu‐salts and TBAB, which mainly originates from the binding effect between free Cu 2+ and Br − to hinder the nucleophilicity of Br − ions 21. Comparably, the yield is over 99% when 1 serves as catalysts.…”

Cycloaddition of CO 2 and epoxides catalyzed by dicationic ionic liquids mediated metal halide: Influence of the dication on catalytic activity

“…As such, Kawanami et al [30]. This phenomenon was explained that the stronger electrondonating ability of the aliphatic bridge chain weakened the electrostatic interaction between the ions and therefore led to a higher nucleophilicity of the bromine anion [31]. However, the steric hindrance mainly caused by IL cations also affected the …”

Organocatalytic promoted coupling of carbon dioxide with epoxides: a rational investigation of the cocatalytic activity of various hydrogen bond donors

“…1-7 Although few catalysts gave satisfactory results under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature, 3,8 there is still place for identifying new catalytic platforms to promote an effective cycloaddition under mild conditions while respecting environmental standards. 4,[32][33][34][35] Their activities were enhanced by the addition of suitable hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) such as phenolic derivatives, [36][37][38] (amino) alcohols, [39][40][41] carboxylic acids, [42][43][44] lecithin, 45 cellulose, 46,47 chitosan, [48][49][50][51] graphene oxide. In this context, organocatalysts have been proposed such as halide salts [9][10][11][12] and more recently (functionalized) ionic liquids [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] or quaternized glycine 29 and cholinium 30,31...…”