Cycloaddition Reactions of Epoxides and CO₂ by the Novel Imidazolium‐Functionalized Metalloporphyrins: Optimization and Analysis using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

The production of cyclic carbonates using CO 2 and epoxides has received great attention due to 100 % atom utilization. Herein, novel imidazolium-containing metalloporphyrins were synthesized as bifunctional catalysts for the cycloaddition reactions of epoxides and CO 2. The reaction conditions were optimized and analyzed with the response surface methodology. Under the optimum condition using Zn-porphyrin 1 as the catalyst, the turnover number (TON) and turnover number frequency (TOF) for the cycloaddition of CO 2 and ECH were 11,629 and 1,735, respectively. In addition, analysis of the RSM indicated that the CO 2 pressure had only a small impact on the yield. Based on this conclusion, the catalytic activity of 1 was further evaluated under mild conditions. Regardless of whether the CO 2 pressure is high or ambient, this Zn-porphyrin exhibited an excellent performance with a high turnover number frequency.

Benzimidazolium‐Decorated Metalloporphyrin Molecule and Polymer: a Reliable Preparation Method and Application in Catalyzing the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2and Epoxides

“…The determination coefficient R 2 of this model is 0.9862, which indicated that the predicted value of the multiple quadratic regression equation is close to the experimental value (Table S4 and S5). [52] Under the optimized condition, the experimental yield of propylene carbonate is 99 % (S/C = 12500, based on Zn), which is consistent with the predicted value. As a comparison, the experimental yields were 35 % and < 1 % when using 1 H and 1 IL as catalysts under the same conditions, respectively.…”

“…First, the optimum reaction condition of 112 °C, 1.25 MPa, and 7.1 h was obtained via the response surface method (RSM) using 1 ZnIL as catalyst and propylene epoxide as substrate. The determination coefficient R 2 of this model is 0.9862, which indicated that the predicted value of the multiple quadratic regression equation is close to the experimental value (Table S4 and S5) [52] . Under the optimized condition, the experimental yield of propylene carbonate is 99 % (S/C=12500, based on Zn), which is consistent with the predicted value.…”

Solvent-free continuous flow hydrogenation of N-methylpyrrolidone to N-methylpyrrolidine catalyzed by bimetallic Pt/V on HAP

“…So, we determined to acquire the best experimental conditions for hydrogenation of NMP by the response surface methodology. 38,39 The design of experiments, results and responses for hydrogenation of NMP over the Pt/V/HAP catalyst are listed in Table 2. The yield of NMPD could be correlated with a quadratic model, which can be expressed as: yield = 86.57 + 3.44A + 1.61B + 18.10C + 2.12AB − 3.37 AC + 2.80 BC − 10.71A 2 -7.79B 2 -19.85C 2 .…”

Zinc(II)porphyrin-Based Porous Ionic Polymers (PIPs) as Multifunctional Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Conversion of CO2 to Cyclic Carbonates

“…Herein, on the account of our previous work and the problems mentioned above, 37 we successfully designed and synthesized a novel bifunctional imidazolium-functionalized Zn-porphyrin (ZnTIPP) and four different molar ratio binary heterogeneous PIPs, named PIP-ZnTIPP/DVB (1:20), PIP-ZnTIPP/DVB (1:40), PIP-ZnTIPP/DVB (1:60), and PIP-ZnTIPP/DVB (1:80), via the facile copolymerization of ZnTIPP and divinylbenzene (DVB) monomers. Scheme 1 described the synthesis route of these polymers.…”