“…The argon atom was affected by the amine group (NH2) of CS, which increased the energy of the surface as well as decreased the surface tension, leading to higher surface roughness that helped improve cell adhesion, allow ionic permeability, increase hydrophilicity, enhance blood absorption, and accelerate blood clotting. Even though argon could not create new functional groups, it generated free radicals and polar functional groups on the CS surface, and these free radicals reacted with the oxygen functional groups, which enhanced the hydrophilic properties and induced the fast biodegradability [11,16]. At the same time, the oxygen plasma can discharge an atomic oxygen and an OH radical; atomic oxygen mechanism is a chemical etching process for surface modification for hydrophilicity.…”