Cyclosporine in psoriasis treatment. Inhibition of keratinocyte cell-cycle progression in G1 independent of effects on transforming growth factor alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor pathways

The translational revolution and use of biologics in patients with inflammatory skin diseases

“…The marked improvement in psoriasis with cyclosporine raised the hypothesis that activated T cells are pathogenic in patients with psoriasis. 34 However, because cyclosporine had direct growth-suppressing effects on keratinocytes 35 and immune-modulating effects, 36 the hypothesis could not be proved.…”

“…3,10 Given their strong immunomodulatory effects, 36,109 these data are consistent with the cytokinedriven model for AD, although this remains unproved because both treatments have direct effects on keratinocytes. 35,110 However, these studies established the AD phenotype as reversible by using objective biomarkers (Fig 2, B).…”

Contrasting pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis—Part II: Immune cell subsets and therapeutic concepts

“…107 Suppression of these immune pathways was linked to reversal of epidermal hyperplasia. 112,138 Antimetabolites, such as methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept; Roche, Mannheim, Germany), have limited efficacy in patients with AD in whom other treatment strategies have failed. 136,137,149 Several trials have reported that azathioprine is effective in treating moderate-to-severe AD.…”

Clinical Clearing of Psoriasis by 6-Thioguanine Correlates With Cutaneous T-Cell Depletion via Apoptosis

“…Ethidium homodimer staining was quantified in a flow cytometer after a 30-minute incubation with 2-µmol/L ethidium homodimer in phosphate-buffered saline. 37 DNA content in individual cells was assessed by flow cytometry in cells stained with acridine orange. 38 Parallel assays for lymphocytes were conducted.…”