“…In this context, OPDA binding promotes the interaction of CYP20-3 with TRXs (e.g., type-f2 and x; Cheong et al, 2017 ), illuminating a mode of OPDA/CYP20-3 signaling in transferring e − from TRXs to 2CPA and/or SAT1 ( Figure 3 , orange arrow). The latter then stimulates plastid sulfur assimilations (e.g., GSH and thiol accumulations), which coordinate redox-resolved nucleus gene expressions in defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses (Park et al, 2013 ), while accelerating the S-glutathionylation (activation) of 2CPA that promotes photosynthetic energy productions (Liu et al, 2020 ), postulating that OPDA/CYP20-3 signaling optimizes the growth, reproduction, and survival of plants under constant environmental stresses. Traditionally, the cost of resistance (often referred to as growth and defense tradeoff) has been typically described as a teeter-totter model where for defense to increase, growth must decrease and vice versa (Huot et al, 2014 ).…”