Cystic hygroma: An overview

Abstract

Cystic hygromas are the cystic variety of lymphangioma, common locations being cervico-facial regions and axilla. Respiratory distress, recurrent infections or cosmetic reasons are the main indications of the treatment. The ideal treatment is complete surgical excision; however, there is a gradual conversion towards sclerosant therapy. This article reviews the current literature and discusses the various problems encountered during the management of these lesions.

Evaluation of management of lymphangiomas in a tertiary care hospital: a prospective, open label, clinical study

“…Fetus with cystic hygroma can be associated with other anomalies in about 62% of cases. 5 When diagnosed prenatally, it may be associated with turners' syndrome, various cardiac anomalies and trisomy syndromes and foetal hydrops. Success of the surgery correlates with histopathology, encapsulation, complete excision, anatomical location and stage of the lesion.…”

Three Case Reports of Simple Vascular Malformations: Inappropriate, Perplexing and Interchangeable Use of Nosology by Clinicians and Pathologists

“…Mixed (combined micro and Macrocystic LM) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Within the oral cavity microcystic LM has been reported commonly on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, palate, gingiva, and mucosa [1,18].…”

“…75-90% of LM occurs in the neck, followed by axilla, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. LM are categorized depending on the depth and size of the lesion into a. Microcystic (out-dated terms: capillary lymphangioma, superficial lymphangioma, lymphangioma circumscriptum, lymphangioma simplex).…”

“…Macrocystic LM appear as localized painless non-pulsatile multiple cysts of >2cm 3 commonly found in the supra-clavicular fossa of the posterior triangle and in the cervical area just below the angle of the mandible [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. They have a rubbery compressible consistency, are not warm to touch, produce no bruit or thrill, and are covered by normal appearing skin unless haemorrhage or communication with venous malformation produce a blue discolouration [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Gorham-Stout disease (vanishing bone disease) is characterized by LM of single or multiple bones and neighbouring soft tissues, with progressive osteolysis and often pathological fractures [7].…”

“…Incidence of Lymphatic Malformations (LM) are 1 in 2-4000 births, occurring due to obstruction or sequestration of primitive lymphatic vessels with resultant failure of drainage from these areas [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. 75-90% of LM occurs in the neck, followed by axilla, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”