Cytochemical correlates of structural sexual dimorphism in glandular tissues of the mouse

Abstract

Circulating androgens are known to effect a sexual dimorphism of the submandibular gland and kidney of the mouse. Enzyme histocytochemical differences that correlate with these structural changes have been the subject of much study, especially in the kidney. In the present study, emphasis was placed on the hypogonadic effects of diabetes mellitus on the submandibular gland and kidney of C57Bl/KsJ db/db inbred mice with an autosomal recessive disease resembling maturity onset human diabetes mellitus. These glands of adult diabetic mice of both sexes were compared with those of unafflicted heterozygous littermates. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and peroxisomal and cytoplasmic catalase were studied in their submandibular glands and kidneys. The parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular glands was studied by a histochemical method for acetylcholinesterase. The extensive differentiation of striated ducts of the submandibular gland into granular tubules in the postpubertal male mouse was readily evident with the cytochrome oxidase procedure. This differentiation resulted in ductal staining patterns characteristic of the sexes. Alteration of these patterns suggested that demasculinization or feminization was occuring in the male diabetic mice and that masculinization or virilization (defeminization) was occurring in the female diabetics. Similarly, in kidney, study of the parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule revealed feminization in the male diabetics and masculinization in the female diabetics. With the catalase procedure, a dramatic sexual dimorphism was observed in the kidneys of the heterozygous unafflicted mice. Peroxisomal staining of epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules was much more intense in the outer medulla of the male than of the female. In kidneys of the diabetics, the staining patterns again suggested that feminization of the male and masculinization of the female kidneys had occurred. On the other hand, neither a sexual dichotomy nor effects due to diabetes could be observed in the characteristic catalase staining observed in the luminal epithelial cells of submandibular gland distal ducts. The parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland, as revealed by the acetylcholinesterase method, was also markedly sexually dimorphic in the unafflicted mice. This was due to the more extensive innervation of the larger granular ducts characteristic of male than of the smaller striated ducts of the female. As a result of diabetes, the innervation and duct size decreased in the submandibular gland of the male, suggesting feminization, whereas they increased in the female suggesting masculinization. These changes were consistent with those observed in sumandibular gland with the cytochrome oxidase procedure. Attempts were made to interrelate all of the enzyme histochemical changes observed in submandibular gland and kidney with the weights of these glands, sex, gonadal weights, diabetic status and urinary protein excretion...

Salivary gland structure and function in experimental diabetes mellitus

“…(34), and then independently by Liu and Lin (6,7). Granular duct diameters were reduced in alloxan diabetic rats, and a similar decrease in granular duct size was observed in male db/dbmice (35). In female db/db mice the granular ducts actually became more prominent.…”

“…This same conclusion pertains to the parotid gland. In addition, changes in acetylcholinesterase histochemistry and catecholamine fluorescence in db/db mice were found, and the differences were largely due to the effects of diabetes on the granular ducts, and a corresponding diminished neurotrophic effect of NGF (35,75). A second possibility is that the effects of diabetes on protein secretion were due to a change in adrenoceptor density or sensitivity.…”

The granular convoluted tubule (GCT) cell of rodent submandibular glands

“…In addition, occasional lipid droplets (Hollmann and Verley, 1965) and glycogen granules (Cutler and Chaudhry, 1973) can be found. Peroxisomes apparently are lacking in these cells (Hanker et al, 1980). Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments crisscross through all regions of the cell in moderate numbers.…”