Modified surfaces like siliconized glass are commonly
used to support
protein crystallization and facilitate obtaining crystals. Over the
years, various surfaces have been proposed to decrease the energetic
penalty required for consistent protein clustering, but scarce attention
has been paid to the underlying mechanisms of interactions. Here,
we propose self-assembled monolayers that are surfaces exposing fine-tuned
moieties with a very regular topography and subnanometer roughness,
as a tool to unveil the interaction between proteins and functionalized
surfaces. We studied the crystallization of three model proteins having
progressively narrower metastable zones, i.e., lysozyme, catalase,
and proteinase K, on monolayers exposing thiol, methacrylate, and
glycidyloxy groups. Thanks to comparable surface wettability, the
induction or the inhibition of nucleation was readily attributed to
the surface chemistry. For example, thiol groups strongly induced
the nucleation of lysozyme thanks to electrostatic pairing, whereas
methacrylate and glycidyloxy groups had an effect comparable to unfunctionalized
glass. Overall, the action of surfaces led to differences in nucleation
kinetics, crystal habit, and even crystal form. This approach can
support the fundamental understanding of the interaction between protein
macromolecules and specific chemical groups, which is crucial for
many technological applications in the pharmaceutical and food industry.