Cytokine Profiles in Human Parechovirus Type 3-induced Sepsis-like Syndrome

Abstract

We aimed to assess the kinetics of the release of proinflammatory cytokines and to clarify clinical usefulness as an indicator of the disease activity in human parechovirus type 3 virus (HPeV3)-induced sepsis-like syndrome. We measured serum levels of neopterin, interleukin (IL)-6 and the soluble forms of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor types I (sTNF-RI) and II (sTNF-RII). Serum samples were obtained from 12 patients with HPeV3-induced sepsis-like syndrome and 28 healthy children. Disease course after onset was divided into 3 phases: early (day 1–2), peak (day 3–6) and recovery (day 9–16) phases. Serum IL-6 levels rapidly and markedly elevated in early phase and gradually decreased to those in healthy children in recovery phase. Furthermore, serum neopterin, sTNFR-I and sTNFR-II levels increased rapidly and markedly in onset phase and remained elevated in peak phase. These levels gradually decreased in recovery phase. Serum IL-18 levels increased from onset phase to peak phase and decreased in recovery phase. These results indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, in particular, interferon gamma, TNF-α and IL-18 are closely related to the development of HPeV3-induced sepsis-like syndrome. Serum levels of these cytokines might be a useful indicator of the disease activity.

Multiomic Analysis of Neuroinflammation and Occult Infection in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

“…Serum cytokines were unremarkable except for elevated levels of MIP-1b, a chemokine upregulated in several pathologic conditions including HIV and sepsis . Previously reported serum cytokine profiles of HPeV3 infection showed either no change in MIP-1b or elevation of other proinflammatory cytokines that were not elevated in our case . The reason for these differences is unknown.…”

“…Consistent with reported studies, we did not see pathologic evidence of encephalitis or CSF pleocytosis. Indeed, the CSF profile was unremarkable except for elevated neopterin, which has been previously reported in serum . Serum cytokines were unremarkable except for elevated levels of MIP-1b, a chemokine upregulated in several pathologic conditions including HIV and sepsis .…”

“…Indeed, the CSF profile was unremarkable except for elevated neopterin, which has been previously reported in serum. 22 Serum cytokines were unremarkable except for elevated levels of MIP-1b, a chemokine upregulated in several pathologic conditions including HIV and sepsis. 23 Previously reported serum cytokine profiles of HPeV3 infection showed either no change in MIP-1b 24 or elevation of other proinflammatory cytokines that were not elevated in our case.…”

Host Immune Response to Enterovirus and Parechovirus Systemic Infections in Children

“…Yet another study evaluated only serum cytokines from 12 patients with PeV-A3-induced sepsis-like syndrome vs 28 healthy children. Serum IL-6, neopterin, sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and IL-18 concentrations increased rapidly in early infection but decreased to the levels of healthy children during recovery [ 37 ]. There is also a case report of very high serum IL-6 concentrations in an adult with severe epidemic myalgia due to a PeV-A strain that was not typed [ 38 ].…”

Elevated Serum C1q Levels in Children With Sepsis

“…However, the increase of PCT level can only last for 1-4 days (8). There are limitations in the detection of PCT for patients who cannot get timely medical visit, and some other markers such as C reactive protein (CRP) (9, 10), serum amyloid protein A (SAA) (11) along with some cytokines (12) were of poor diagnostic specificity.…”