Cytokines as Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Diseases

Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells possess immunoregulatory function and suppress autoimmune arthritis

“…33 Although these treatments can significantly inhibit the inflammatory response, achieving full remission of disease progression remains a challenge for many RA patients. 34 Therefore, it is important to develop more effective therapies for RA.…”

Exercise and the cytokines-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α): A review

“…6 This is particularly harmful when there is a pre-existing low-grade inflammation as in several chronic diseases. 7 The crystal structures of the two cytokines as published in the protein data bank (PDB) are depicted in Fig 1 and Fig 2. Functions of IL-6 and TNF- IL-6 stimulates terminal differentiation of Blymphocytes and enhances immunoglobulin secretion by the B cells.…”

Serum Tumor Marker Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Through this chronic overstimulation of immune system production of several proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin one alpha are increased. These cytokines in return induce upregulation of cellular adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) within synovial stroma and result in structural changes in the joints (2). Presence of circulating antibodies such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-cyclic citrullinated antibody (anti CCP) are commonly present in high titer in the serum of RA patients and their presence along with elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein (CRP) play a role in the diagnosis and evaluation of disease activity(3).…”