Cytologic manifestations of cystitis follicularis in urine specimens

Zaharopoulos, Paul

doi:10.1002/dc.10166

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It has been suggested that follicular cystitis is a response to chronic stimulation, whether inflammatory, infectious, antigenic or neoplastic (Zaharopoulos 2002). Similar to other chronic cystitides, it is likely to be a multifactorial condition involving epithelial dysfunction, neuro-urothelial interactions and chronic inflammation (Sant 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…trauma, mass effect), anatomical abnormalities (i.e. vestibulovaginal stenosis, recto-urinary fistulas) and there has also been some implication of bladder carcinoma in the formation of follicular cystitis in human beings (Zaharopoulos 2002, Sarma 1970, Trombetta and others 2012, Crawford and Adams 2002, Holt and Sayle 1981). The factors described above were all ruled out in this case by the imaging studies and histopathology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treatment options consist of anti-inflammatory medication and control of infectious disease of the bladder (Trombetta and others 2012, Zaharopoulos 2002, Duarte Novo and others 1998), although surgical resection and radiotherapy have been employed in human beings who develop bulk infiltrative disease (Trombetta and others 2012). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Follicular cystitis in a dog

Sul

Hammond

Pratschke

2014

Vet Record Case Reports

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A four-year-old female Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with a history of recurrent lower urinary tract disease refractory to treatment was referred to our hospital. Clinical examination was unremarkable apart from thickening of the dorsal vulva. Abdominal ultrasound was compatible with possible areas of mild thickening of the bladder wall. Lower genitourinary-contrast radiographic studies showed multiple small lesions in the bladder wall. Surgical biopsy of the bladder was compatible with follicular cystitis and excised uterine tissue was consistent with cervicitis. Clinical signs resolved after treatment with a combination of antibiosis, NSAIDs, pentosan polysulfate and amitriptyline. Follow-up 30 months after surgery confirmed that the dog was free of clinical signs. Follicular cystitis has not been previously reported in dogs but should be considered as a differential for patients with refractory long-standing lower urinary tract disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Follicular cystitis in a dog

Sul

Hammond

Pratschke

2014

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…Cytologically it differs from chronic cystitis with prominent lymphocytosis by the presence of cellular elements from the germinal centres of lymphoid follicles, reminiscent of the cytologic findings in follicular cervicitis, with possible additional epithelial cytologic atypias from the overlying urothelium, which frequently undergoes reactive changes (hyperplastic, metaplastic, and ulcerative) [8]. In this patient, persistence of hydronephrosis, hydroureter and residual urine in urinary bladder predisposed to chronic urine infection with acute exacerbations, which resulted in formation of follicular cystitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter after distigmine therapy in an adult male patient with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury: a case report

Vaidyanathan

Mansour

Soni

et al. 2009

Cases J

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IntroductionDistigmine, a long-acting anti-cholinesterase, is associated with side effects such as Parkinsonism, cholinergic crisis, and rhabdomyolysis. We report a spinal cord injury patient, who developed marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter after distigmine therapy, which led to a series of complications over subsequent years.Case presentationA 38-year-old male developed T-9 paraplegia in 1989. Intravenous urography, performed in 1989, showed normal kidneys, ureters and bladder. He was prescribed distigmine bromide orally and was allowed to pass urine spontaneously. In 1992, intravenous urography showed bilateral marked hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Distigmine was discontinued. He continued to pass urine spontaneously.In 2006, intravenous urography showed moderate dilatation of both pelvicalyceal systems and ureters down to the level of urinary bladder. This patient was performing self-catheterisation only once a day. He was advised to do catheterisations at least three times a day. In December 2008, this patient developed haematuriawhich lasted for nearly four months.. He received trimethoprim, then cephalexin, followed by Macrodantin, amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. In February 2009, intravenous urography showed calculus at the lower pole of left kidney. Both kidneys were moderately hydronephrotic. Ureters were dilated down to the bladder. Dilute contrast was seen in the bladder due to residual urine. This patient was advised to perform six catheterisations a day, and take propiverine hydrochloride 15 mg, three times a day. Microbiology of urine showed Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. Cystoscopy revealed papillary lesions in bladder neck and trigone. Transurethral resection was performed. Histology showed marked chronic cystitis including follicular cystitis and papillary/polypoid cystitis. There was no evidence of malignancy.ConclusionDistigmine therapy resulted in marked bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Persistence of hydronephrosis after omitting distigmine, and presence of residual urine in bladder over many years probably predisposed to formation of polypoid cystitis and follicular cystitis, and contributed to prolonged haematuria, which occurred after an episode of urine infection. This case illustrates the dangers of prescribing distigmine to promote spontaneous voiding in spinal cord injury patients. Instead of using distigmine, spinal cord injury patients should be advised to consider intermittent catheterisation together with oxybutynin or propiverine to achieve complete, low-pressure emptying of urinary bladder.

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“…2 A recent publication has shown that FC can be detected cytopathologi-cally in urine specimens. 3 Histologically, numerous plasmacytic cells and lymphocytes with lymphoid follicles scattered within the bladder mucosa and submucosa are seen. These are classically described as well-developed lymphoid follicles containing germinal centers with surrounding lymphocytic collars at regular intervals in the mucosa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%