Cytological analysis of the<i>Phalaris arundinacea</i>(L.) x<i>Phalaris aquatica</i>(L.) amphidiploids

Ferreira, Víctor; Reynoso, Lidia; Szpiniak, Beatriz; Grassi, Ezequiel

doi:10.1080/00087114.2002.10589271

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…arundinacea × P . aquatica is octoploid with 2 n = 8 x = 56 [ 21 ]. Karyotype studies in Phalaris further than mere chromosome counting concerned traditional karyotyping and C-banding techniques [ 22 ], physical mapping of 45S and 5S rDNA sites by fluorescence in situ hybridization [ 23 ] or studies of the meiotic behaviour [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study established a single origin of the genus, revealed a lineage of three taxa with x = 6 which all belong to subgenus Phalaris section Phalaris and established the sister relationship of this lineage to the three monophyletic and more species-rich lineages with x = 7 [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] of section Phalaroides , Caroliniana , and Bulbophalaris + Heterachne (subgenus Phalaroides ; [ 8 , 9 ]. Associations of changes in basic chromosome number with morphological modifications especially in the number and dimension of the sterile lemmas were shown within the genus [ 21 , 8 ]. Members of the early diverging x = 6 lineage displaying relatively large and lanceolate sterile lemmas, followed by gradual reduction in size, culminating in almost obsolete sterile lemmas in one of the terminal x = 7 clades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…arundinacea [ 10 ]. Subsequent dispersal and vicariance events to secondary centres in Africa, Asia and the Americas were accompanied by chromosome fusion leading to species with x = 6, by genetic mutations and chromosomal changes in x = 7 diploids, and the establishment of polyploid species with 2 n = 4 x = 28 and 6 x = 42 chromosomes [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. While polyploidy played a major role in the evolution of the genus in the Old World, the New World species remained primarily diploid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although information on Phalaris chromosome numbers and ploidy levels as well as on chromosome aberrations, aneuploidy and dysploidy was gathered occasionally [ 10 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 25 ], the species of Phalaris have never been characterized karyotypically in detail. Additionally, due to the small number of species studied and the inconsistency of the methods used in studies, only marginal evidence on karyotype evolution within the genus was available so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus

et al. 2018

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Karyotype characteristics can provide valuable information on genome evolution and speciation, in particular in taxa with varying basic chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. Due to its worldwide distribution, remarkable variability in morphological traits and the fact that ploidy change plays a key role in its evolution, the canary grass genus Phalaris (Poaceae) is an excellent study system to investigate the role of chromosomal changes in species diversification and expansion. Phalaris comprises diploid species with two basic chromosome numbers of x = 6 and 7 as well as polyploids based on x = 7. To identify distinct karyotype structures and to trace chromosome evolution within the genus, we apply fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) of 5S and 45S rDNA probes in four diploid and four tetraploid Phalaris species of both basic numbers. The data agree with a dysploid reduction from x = 7 to x = 6 as the result of reciprocal translocations between three chromosomes of an ancestor with a diploid chromosome complement of 2n = 14. We recognize three different genomes in the genus: (1) the exclusively Mediterranean genome A based on x = 6, (2) the cosmopolitan genome B based on x = 7 and (3) a genome C based on x = 7 and with a distribution in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Both auto- and allopolyploidy of genomes B and C are suggested for the formation of tetraploids. The chromosomal divergence observed in Phalaris can be explained by the occurrence of dysploidy, the emergence of three different genomes, and the chromosome rearrangements accompanied by karyotype change and polyploidization. Mapping the recognized karyotypes on the existing phylogenetic tree suggests that genomes A and C are restricted to sections Phalaris and Bulbophalaris, respectively, while genome B occurs across all taxa with x = 7.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus

et al. 2018

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“…Australian detected an unusually high proportion of bivalents (average of 4.3 per pollen mother cell, as compared to 5.4 univalents) [14], indicating a segmental allopolyploid constitution [15]. Further chromosome pairing studies in interspecies hybrids supported a close relationship between the putative sub-genomes of P. aquatica [16], implying that regularised bivalent formation during meiosis in P. aquatica may be dependent on active control of synapsis, despite close sequence similarities between at least some members of the basic chromosome complement. Genome size estimates based on microdensitometry have been performed for tetraploid (4x) races of P. arundinacea [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Generation and Characterisation of a Reference Transcriptome for Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)

et al. 2017

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Phalaris aquatica is a cool-season perennial grass species that is extensively cultivated in Australia, with additional usage in other areas of the world. Phalaris displays a number of desirable agronomic characteristics, although unfavourable traits include excessive seed shattering, sensitivity to aluminium toxicity, and several toxicosis syndromes. Varietal development has to date been based on traditional selection methods, but would benefit from the application of genomics-based approaches, which require the development of large-scale sequence resources. Due to a large nuclear DNA content, methods that target the expressed component of the genome and reduce the complexity of analysis are most amenable to current sequencing technologies. A reference unigene set has been developed by transcriptome sequencing of multiple tissues from a single plant belonging to the variety Landmaster. Comparisons have been made to gene complements from related species, as well as reference protein databases, and patterns of gene expression in different tissues have been evaluated. A number of candidate genes relevant to removal of undesirable attributes have been identified. The reference unigene set will provide the basis for detailed studies of differential gene expression and identification of candidate genes for potential transgenic deployment, as well as a critical resource for genotypic analysis to support future genomics-assisted breeding activities for phalaris improvement.

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Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurasian populations of reed canarygrass: cytotypes, cultivars, and interspecific hybrids

et al. 2011

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Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an important forage crop and potential biofuel feedstock due to its wide environmental adaptation. The P. arundinacea ‘species complex’ is made up of three cytotypes, 2x, 4x, and 6x, with the 4x cytotype (P. arundinacea L.) most common. Active breeding programs have developed cultivars since the early 20th Century, but little is known about the genetics of the species complex. With the aid of DNA markers, we evaluated the population structure of 83 wild accessions collected throughout Eurasia, 24 cultivars, and the genetic relationship between 4x and 6x cytotypes. Seven subpopulations were present in Europe with a high level of admixture, suggesting that reed canarygrass germplasm has spread throughout Eurasia, either naturally or by humans for use in agriculture. Our results indicate that cultivars have incorporated much of the diversity found in wild populations, although modern low-alkaloid cultivars appear to come from a relatively small gene pool. We also found some evidence that the 6x cytotype is made up of three sub-genomes that are a combination of genomes present in 4x P. arundinacea and 4x P. aquatica, although the 6x cytotype does not appear to be a direct hybrid between the species.

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Cytological analysis of thePhalaris arundinacea(L.) xPhalaris aquatica(L.) amphidiploids

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus

Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus

Generation and Characterisation of a Reference Transcriptome for Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)

Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurasian populations of reed canarygrass: cytotypes, cultivars, and interspecific hybrids

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