Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and risk of breast cancer before age 40 years: a case–control study

Richardson, Ann; Cox, Brian; McCredie, Margaret; Dite, Gillian S.; Chang, Jinyuan; Gertig, Dorota M.; Southey, Melissa C.; Giles, Graham G.; Hopper, John L.

doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6601822

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is suggested HCMV could be associated with breast cancer because it is a ubiquitous virus that is shed in breast milk, as well as in saliva, urine, cervical secretions, and semen, implying HCMV persistently infects epithelial cells (25). The virus employs strategies to escape the innate and acquired immune system so as to establish dormant and stable infection in the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Tissue Samples of Women with Breast Cancer in Sanandaj, Iran.

Karimi

Hosseini

Nikkhoo³

et al. 2016

IJB

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Despite the researchers’ efforts, the cause and development of breast cancer is still incompletely understood. Currently, in some reports, human cytomegalovirus has been referred as a risk factor for breast cancer. This study aimed to determine relative frequency of cytomegalovirus in tissue samples of women with breast cancer in Sanandaj County. In this study, to determine the relative frequency of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) 50 formalin-fixed tissues of breast cancer, which all were invasive ductal carcinoma, were studied using the nested-polymerase chain reaction. In 26 cases of breast cancer tissues (26/50), human cytomegalovirus was detected. Seventeen cases of breast cancer tissues were in a moderately differentiated stage, and nine cases had poor-differentiated stage tissues that were positive for viral DNA. At older ages (>45 years) the prevalence rate of human cytomegalovirus DNA was higher, but no significant association was seen (p=0.16). In general, due to the high prevalence of the DNA of human cytomegalovirus (58%), in this study it is assumed that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has a contributing role in breast cancer; although more study is required to clearly define its part in this type of cancer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Tissue Samples of Women with Breast Cancer in Sanandaj, Iran.

Karimi

Hosseini

Nikkhoo³

et al. 2016

IJB

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“…On the basis of our earlier results (Richardson et al, 2004), samples from 400 cases and 400 controls were predicted to provide, for the assessment of CMV and EBV IgG levels, at least 80% power to detect a difference of 0.15 units of OD in mean CMV IgG levels between cases and controls (a difference of 21.4% of the s.d. ), with a ¼ 0.05.…”

Section: Sample Size Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an Australian case -control study, cases and controls did not differ in seropositivity for CMV or EBV (Richardson et al, 2004). However, in seropositive women, mean immunoglobulin G (IgG) values were higher in cases than controls for CMV (1.20 vs 0.98 optical density (OD), P ¼ 0.005), but not for EBV (2.65 vs 2.57 OD, P ¼ 0.5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Breast cancer, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus: a nested case–control study

et al. 2010

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BACKGROUND: We investigated whether elevation in serum cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein -Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels precedes the development of breast cancer. METHODS: A nested case -control study was carried out within the Janus Serum Bank cohort. Two serum samples, one taken at least 4 years before diagnosis (sample 2) and an earlier sample (sample 1) from 399 women with invasive breast cancer and from 399 controls, matched for date of blood samples and age were tested for CMV and EBV IgG antibodies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CMV and EBV seroconversion between the samples and unit changes in IgG optical density (OD) examined as a continuous variable were calculated using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Eleven cases and three controls seroconverted for CMV IgG between the first and second blood samples, with an adjusted OR for CMV IgG seroconversion of 4.0 (95% CI ¼ 1.1 -14.4). The risk of breast cancer, adjusted for parity, increased per unit difference in CMV OD between samples (OR ¼ 1.7, 95% CI ¼ 1.1 -2.5). In an analysis restricted to parous cases and age-matched parous controls, the OR for CMV seroconversion for IgG between the two samples, adjusted for parity and age at first birth, was 9.7 (95% CI ¼ 1.2 -77.3). The EBV seroconversion or change in EBV OD was not associated with risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Our hypothesis that elevation in serum CMV IgG antibody levels precedes the development of breast cancer in some women is supported by the results of this study. Changes in EBV IgG antibody are not associated with risk of breast cancer.

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“…In the ensuing years, the debate has been well-joined (see e.g. [81][82][83][84][85]). mCMV-induced, oncocytic-like, metaplasia and atypical ductal epithelial hyperplasia in embryonic SMGs suggest that the relationship between CMV and salivary gland tumors deserves a fresh look, particularly since salivary glands are a primary target for productive infection, subsequent latency, and reactivation.…”

Section: --mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytomegalovirus-induced embryopathology: mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial-mesenchymal ontogeny as a model

et al. 2006

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Background: Human studies suggest, and mouse models clearly demonstrate, that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is dysmorphic to early organ and tissue development. CMV has a particular tropism for embryonic salivary gland and other head mesenchyme. CMV has evolved to co-opt cell signaling networks so to optimize replication and survival, to the detriment of infected tissues. It has been postulated that mesenchymal infection is the critical step in disrupting organogenesis. If so, organogenesis dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions would be particularly vulnerable. In this study, we chose to model the vulnerability by investigating the cell and molecular pathogenesis of CMV infected mouse embryonic submandibular salivary glands (SMGs).

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Cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and risk of breast cancer before age 40 years: a case–control study

Cited by 52 publications

References 12 publications

Relative Frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Tissue Samples of Women with Breast Cancer in Sanandaj, Iran.

Relative Frequency of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Tissue Samples of Women with Breast Cancer in Sanandaj, Iran.

Breast cancer, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus: a nested case–control study

Cytomegalovirus-induced embryopathology: mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial-mesenchymal ontogeny as a model

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