Cytopharmaceuticals: An emerging paradigm for drug delivery

Hybrid Membrane-Coated Biomimetic Nanoparticles (HM@BNPs): A Multifunctional Nanomaterial for Biomedical Applications

“…This cell membrane-templated polymerization approach overcomes the restriction of “coatability” in conventional methods and provides more controllability and flexibility of the membrane coating technique . In short, the stability of the membrane should be established during the synthesis of membrane-coated NPs …”

“…A proper proportion of membranes should be explored to maximize the functional balance and minimize the weakness of each membrane. Second, a hybrid membrane system lacks of systematic and integrated characterization methods . The current characterization methods that mainly characterize membrane proteins are far from perfect.…”

“…CD47 and complement regulatory proteins on the surface of the erythrocyte membrane mediate the ability of these cells to prolong the circulation time. , In 2011, Zhang’s group creatively used a top-down approach to develop an erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticle (RBC-NPs) platform, which successfully wrapped 100 nm polylactic-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) particles in bilayer erythrocyte membranes . More importantly, in the experiment evaluating the stability of serum and the half-life of blood circulation in vivo, the elimination half-life of nanoparticles coated with erythrocyte membrane was 39.6 h, while that of PEGylated nanoparticles was only 15.8 h. Since then, combining the natural cell membrane with flexible biological characteristics with a functionally integrated synthetic nanosystem to make cell membrane-coated nanomaterials has played an increasingly important role in biomedicine-related areas. , Currently, diverse arrays of available cell membrane types have been extensively investigated to cover the nanoparticles, including RBCs, , platelets, , leukocytes (including T-lymphocytes, , neutrophils , and macrophages), , cancer cells, , stem cells, , dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells; and membrane-derived structures such as exosomes, − extracellular vesicles (EVs), − and bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which can benefit a diverse range of applications, such as drug delivery, phototherapy (including PTT , and PDT), imaging, detoxification, cancer detection, immune modulation, , and vaccination . Despite the novel bioinspired nanotechnology prospers, monotypic cell membranes hardly meet the diverse and stringent needs of biomedical applications.…”

Platelets are highly efficient and efficacious carriers for tumor-targeted nano-drug delivery

“…the formation of new blood vessels. Platelets supply angiogenic factors to promote tumor angiogenesis and are needed to maintain the functional integrity of newly formed blood vessels (Yan et al., 2014 ; Haemmerle et al., 2018 ; Li et al., 2019 ; Lu et al., 2019 ; Combes et al., 2020 ; Li et al., 2020 ; Miao et al., 2020 ). Platelets can be recruited to the tumor microenvironment (TME) to bolster cancer proliferation through release of mitogenic factors.…”

Cell/Bacteria‐Based Bioactive Materials for Cancer Immune Modulation and Precision Therapy

“…[2,3] Current treatment strategies have generated good therapeutic effects and conquered some unwanted adverse impacts via improved biodistribution and accumulation of antitumor drugs to some degree, but these systems are still limited by their unsatisfactory target delivery efficacy. [4] Moreover, the treatment effect and patient objective response to monotherapy are also seriously limited by complex biological barriers and immunosuppression. [5] Encouragingly, these current challenges in cancer care, such as serious adverse events, poor tumor penetration, and intense drug resistance, have strongly prompted the continuous development of novel alternative approaches.Nanomedicine is an important application of synthetic material engineering in the medical field to improve tumor diagnostic imaging, facilitate targeted drug delivery, and enhance antitumor capabilities.…”