Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro

Diazepam, as one of the most frequent prescribed drug from 1,4-benzodiazepine group, has certain limitations in pharmaceutical technology due to its poor solubility in water. By forming inclusion complexes with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, diazepam's biopharmaceutical properties can be greatly improved. Aim of this research was to in vitro evaluate genotoxicity of prepared novel complexes of diazepam and their influence on proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. For identification of possible genotoxicity of diazepam inclusion complexes, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay has been chosen. Evaluated concentrations of two diazepam inclusion complexes were 0.2 µg/mL, 0.5 µg/mL and 1.0 µg/mL in cell culture. For a reference, in vitro cytogenotoxicity evaluation of diazepam alone has been conducted as well. Neither one of the diazepam, complexed nor non-complexed, in given concentrations showed genotoxicity, induced genetic damage or loss of genetic material. Nuclear division index values, as indicators of cytostaticity and cytotoxicity suggested that investigated inclusion diazepam complexes induced accelerated proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, therefore possibly shortening the duration and dynamics of the cell cycle.

show abstract

“…Index represents parameter for analysis of lymphocyte mitogenic response to cytostatic effects of investigated samples [30,31].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytogenotoxicity of Inclusion Complexes of Diazepam with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human peripheral lymphocytes have been observed in connection with its application. 5 Moreover, it has been shown that a combination of 1% NaOCl + 2% chlorhexidine results in the formation of flocculate precipitates that function as a chemical smear layer, reducing dentinal permeability in the apical third.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action Abstract: This in vitro study evaluated both the antimicrobial activity and the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts used in irrigation solutions. The antimicrobial activities of the aroeira-da-praia (Schinus terebintifolius Raddi) and the quixabeira (Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem & Schult) hydroalcoholic extracts, of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and of 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control) against Enterococcus faecalis were tested with the agar well diffusion method. The level of root canal cleanliness was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Twenty one single-rooted human teeth were divided into three groups according to the irrigation solution applied: 1) 50% aroeira-da-praia; 2) 50% quixabeira and 3) a combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite + 17% EDTA. All solutions tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. The SEM analysis revealed that higher and lower degrees of surface cleaning were observed, in the three groups, respectively for the coronal and apical thirds, in that quixabeira showed the greatest efficiency in removing the smear layer in the apical third. All the agents tested presented antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis. None, however, was able to completely remove the smear layer of the dentinal surface in the different thirds of the root canal. The results suggest that the analyzed plant extracts may represent a new therapeutic option in the list of alternative agents available for endodontic treatment.

show abstract

“…Atualmente, o nível das pesquisas realizadas em Endodontia tem alcançado padrões de excelente qualidade. Para tanto, existe uma variedade grande nas opções de metodologias, entre elas os testes primários (hematogênicos e de cultura celular), secundários (implantes em subcutâneo de ratos, camundongos e guinea pig) e os tradicionais clínico/microscópicos (dentes de cães, gatos, macacos, cavalos e humanos) (Yesilsoy et al, 1995;Lamano Carvalho et al, 1997;Suguimoto, 1997;Bianconcini;Gavini, 2001;Önçag et al, 2003;Ribeiro et al 2004;Gomes-Filho et al, 2008;Gül et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Experimentos com culturas celulares (fibroblastos, macrófagos, osteoblastos, linfócitos) têm sido empregados para avaliação da citotoxicidade de diversos materiais, entre eles as soluções irrigadoras utilizadas na terapia endodôntica (Heling et al, 2001;Ribeiro, 2003;Burgos, 2005;Hernandez et al, 2005;Malheiros et al, 2005;Fidalgo et al, 2007;Gül et al, 2009;Simbula et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Diversas metodologias foram sugeridas para esta avaliação comparando-a com as mais diversas substâncias -gel de papaína, hipoclorito de sódio, digluconato de clorexidina, paramonoclofenol canforado, solução de hidróxido de cálcio e extratos de aloe Vera, de gengibre e de Barbatimão. Os trabalhos mostraram boa capacidade antimicrobiana do detergente derivado do óleo de mamona (Ferreira et al, 1999;Ferreira, 1999;Leonardo et al, 2001;Siqueira, 2005;Takano et al, 2007;Miranda et al, 2008;Shygei et al, 2008 Tal fato pôde ser confirmado por Gül et al (2009) que analisaram o hipoclorito de sódio em diversas concentrações e concluíram que quanto mais concentrada a solução, maior a freqüência de micronúcleos, células apoptóticas e binucleadas.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

See 1 more Smart Citation

Análise da citotoxicidade do hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, do digluconato de clorexidina a 2% e do endoquil e seus efeitos na liberação de citocinas e óxido nítrico em culturas de macrófagos murinos

Siqueira¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Siqueira DCR. Cytotoxicity analysis of 1% sodium hypochlorite, of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and of Endoquil and its effects on release of cytokine and nitric oxide in cultured murine macrophages. [PhD Thesis] São Paulo: Faculdade de Odontologia da USP; 2010. The cytotoxicity of 1% sodium hypochlorite, of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate and of Endoquil and its effects on cytokine release and nitric oxide were evaluated in culture of murine peritoneal macrophages. Substances were diluted 1,000 and 10,000 times: Control Group with culture medium using McCoy 5A`s ® modified and apirogenic, Group Sodium Hypochlorite 1% (dilutions A-0.001 and B-0.0001); Group Chlorhexidine Digluconate 2% (dilutions A-0.002 and B-0.0002); Group Endoquil 10% (dilutions A-0.01 and B-0.001).70 female mice of strain C57BL/6J were used. After anesthesia and sacrifice, middle McCoy`s ® 5A modified was injected in the abdominal cavity of animals and then the cellular exudate was aspirated. The cytotoxicity assay was performed by MTT method in the periods: short term (4 and 12 hours), medium term (24, 48 and 72 hours) and long term (5 to 7 days). The absorbance of the wells was read on ELISA reader at 550 nm. The values were compared with standard values, observing the viability and cell number in each group as a function of time. The in vitro quantification of cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was performed using an ELISA-type immunoassay, using the kit Quantikine ® M Murine. Analysis of nitric oxide synthesis was conducted according to the Griess assay, in which nitric oxide is converted to nitrite, the latter being detected colorimetrically. Each experimental group was analyzed at two time points (24 and 48h) with stimulation of LPS or not, in duplicates. The data were submitted to statistical analysis of variance and, where necessary, complemented by Tukey test. After 12 hours, the group treated with chlorhexidine with dilution A significantly decreased cell viability when compared to the groups treated with sodium hypochlorite and Endoquil. This decline has extended to 24, 48 and 72 hours, when cell death occurred. After 5 and 7 days occured the reduction of viability in all groups, with significant differences for the chlorhexidine group. In relation to cytokines and nitric oxide: sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine induced the production and exacerbated the effect of LPS on IL-1α and IL-1 β, respectively, while Endoquil decreased these effects;chlorhexidine inhibited the stimulatory effect of LPS, reducing the synthesis of IL-6; just as Endoquil chlorhexidine decreased the synthesis of TNF-α, but hypochlorite increased production in 24 hours; even stimulated with LPS, sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine undertook the synthesis of nitric oxide in 24 hours and, after 48 hours only chlorhexidine kept inhibition.

show abstract

Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of sodium hypochlorite on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

Cytogenotoxicity of Inclusion Complexes of Diazepam with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Cytogenotoxicity of Inclusion Complexes of Diazepam with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

In vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action

Análise da citotoxicidade do hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, do digluconato de clorexidina a 2% e do endoquil e seus efeitos na liberação de citocinas e óxido nítrico em culturas de macrófagos murinos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About