Cytotoxicity and Elemental Release of Dental Acrylic Resin Modified with Silver and Vanadium Based Antimicrobial Nanomaterial

Abstract

The acrylic resin used for the prosthesis base accumulates biofilm, causing diseases such as stomatitis. The addition of some nanoparticles promotes antimicrobial action. This study incorporated the nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3) to the acrylic resin by two methods and evaluated the cytotoxicity for human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and the released silver and vanadium ions. The concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5% of AgVO3 was incorporated by vacuum spatulation and polymeric film. The vacuum spatulation was performed for 60 s using the Turbomix equipment, and the polymeric film was obtained from the polymer solubilization in chloroform, the film was subjected to a cryogenic grinding, and the powder obtained was manually mixed at the monomer. HGF cell viability was assessed after 24 hours, 7 and 14 days by the MTT assay. The release of silver (Ag) and vanadium (V) ions were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after 30 days. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s test were applied (α = 0.05). The HGF viability was inversely proportional to the incubation time. Both incorporation techniques and the negative and positive control groups presented significant statistical differences (p<0.05). The experimental groups presented no statistical difference compared to the negative control (p>0.05), except the vacuum spatulation group with 5% of AgVO3 that showed greater viability than the negative control (p=0.013) in 24 hours. The release of Ag and V ions was proportional to the concentration of AgVO3 The 5% group presented a significant difference compared to the other groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, the acrylic resin with and without the AgVO3 incorporation had a small cytotoxic potential for HGF in 24 hours, with a lower viability in longer contact times; the release of Ag and V ions was proportional to the concentration of AgVO3, not influencing cell viability.
 Keywords: Acrylic Resins. Cell Survival. Nanotechnology. Ions.
 ResumoA resina acrílica utilizada para a base da prótese acumula biofilme, causando doenças como a estomatite. A adição de algumas nanopartículas promove ação antimicrobiana. Este estudo incorporou o vanadato de prata nanoestruturado decorado com nanopartículas de prata (AgVO3) à resina acrílica por dois métodos e avaliou a citotoxicidade para fibroblastos gengivais humanos (HGF) e os íons prata e vanádio liberados. As concentrações de 0,5%, 1%, 2,5% e 5% de AgVO3 foram incorporadas por espatulação a vácuo e filme polimérico. A espatulação a vácuo foi realizada por 60 s no equipamento Turbomix, e o filme polimérico foi obtido a partir da solubilização do polímero em clorofórmio, o filme foi submetido a uma moagem criogênica e o pó obtido foi misturado manualmente ao monômero. A viabilidade celular de HGF foi avaliada após 24 horas, 7 e 14 dias pelo ensaio de MTT. A liberação de íons prata (Ag) e vanádio (V) foi quantificada por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado após 30 dias. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn foram aplicados (α=0,05). A viabilidade de HGF foi inversamente proporcional ao tempo de incubação. As técnicas de incorporação e os grupos controle negativo e positivo apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). Os grupos experimentais não apresentaram diferença estatística em relação ao controle negativo (p>0,05), exceto o grupo de espatulação a vácuo com 5% de AgVO3 que apresentou maior viabilidade que o controle negativo (p = 0,013) em 24 horas. A liberação de íons Ag e V foi proporcional à concentração de AgVO3. O grupo 5% apresentou diferença significativa em relação aos demais grupos (p <0,05). Em conclusão, a resina acrílica com e sem a incorporação de AgVO3 apresentou um pequeno potencial citotóxico para o HGF em 24 horas, com menor viabilidade nos tempos de maior contato, e a liberação de íons Ag e V foi proporcional à concentração de AgVO3, não influenciando na viabilidade celular.
 Palavras-chave: Resinas Acrílicas. Sobrevivência Celular. Nanotecnologia. Íons.

Investigating the biocompatibility, flexural strength, and surface roughness of denture base resin containing copper oxide nanoparticles: An in vitro study

“…Further studies are indicated to support this explanation. Thus, given the pattern of elution of potential cytotoxic agents, soaking dentures before insertion into the oral cavity may be beneficial [ 29 ]. Considering the increased cell viability at 50 μg/ml NPs concentration after three days of incubation, CuO-incorporated acrylic dentures were suggested to be soaked in water for at least three days before use.…”

“…Despite the beneficial antimicrobial effects of CuO NPs, their cytotoxicity can adversely affect human cells. In the case of oral exposure to NPs, many internal organs may be exposed [ 29 , 30 ]. A previous investigation reported the higher toxic properties of CuO NPs compared to other metal NPs due to oxidative stress, especially on lung and laryngeal epithelial cells.…”

Bioactive Glass-Enhanced Resins: A New Denture Base Material

“…Antibacterial properties can also be obtained by the addition of, e.g., AgVO 3 [ 14 ], mesoporous silica nanoparticles [ 28 ], zinc-modified phosphate-based glass microfiller [ 29 ], and ZnO [ 30 ].…”

“…Another approach, known as contact-dependent strategies, involves creating a material with bactericidal properties by incorporating nanoparticles such as zinc oxide [ 11 ], zirconium dioxide, and silver nanoparticles [ 12 , 13 ], or silver vanadate (AgVO3) [ 14 ]. Nanomaterials, graphene oxide nanosheets, and carbon nanotubes were also successfully used, in which the mechanism of action is direct contact bacteria killing properties.…”

Structure-properties correlation of acrylic resins modified with silver vanadate and graphene

“…β-AgVO 3 and rGO can induce cytotoxicity at high concentrations through interaction with cell membranes, generation of oxidative stress, induction of immune responses, and enhanced release of Ag and V ions and C fragments [ 13 , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] ]. However, the synthesis of these materials at the nanometer scale reduces their cytotoxic potential, as low concentrations are effective as antimicrobials [ 13 , 19 , 20 ]. β-AgVO 3 exhibits high stability and controlled release of Ag and V ions, and rGO has a lower concentration of O, which reduces its toxic potential against human cells [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ].…”