“…The results showed that all the treatments resulted in various extents of increase in 8-OHdG, PCO, and MDA levels, indicating that exposure to elevated temperature, crude oil, or the combination of both could cause oxidative damage to the biomacromolecules of sea cucumber. Consistent with our study, other studies have reported that elevated temperature or crude oil exposure could induce severe oxidative damage of biomacromolecules in various marine organisms, e.g., ascidian (Styela plicata), polychaete (Laeonereis culveri), bivalve (Anomalocardia flexuosa), or sea cucumber (Parastichopus regalis) [29,75,76]. Additionally, we found that 8-OHdG, PCO, and MDA levels in sea cucumber following exposure to WAF at 26 • C were much higher than those following exposure to elevated temperature (26 • C) or WAF at 16 • C treatments, indicating that the co-exposure to elevated temperature and crude oil could cause much more severe oxidative damage to the macromolecules of sea cucumber than elevated temperature alone or crude oil alone did.…”