Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of coal oils in the CHO/HGPRT assay

DeMarini, David M.; Brimer, Patricia A.; Hsie, Abraham W.

doi:10.1002/em.2860060405

Cited by 11 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

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“…To our knowledge, no studies have used cultured mammalian cells to evaluate the mutagenicity of soil extracts from a PAH-contaminated site; however, several studies have used cultured mammalian cells to assess the mutagenicity of PAH-containing extracts and/or fractions from other complex environmental samples such as urban air particulate matter, , diesel and gasoline exhaust particles, and coal oil . This study evaluated the mutagenicity of organic fractions from ten PAH-contaminated soils, and the results clearly show that both the nonpolar neutral and semipolar aromatic fractions from coal-tar and creosote contaminated soils induce a significant response in the in vitro lacZ transgenic mutagenicity assay in MutaMouse FE1 cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

In Vitro Mammalian Mutagenicity of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Contaminated Soils

Lemieux

Long

Lambert

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This study employed an in vitro version of the lacZ transgenic rodent mutation assay to assess the mutagenicity of nonpolar neutral and semipolar aromatic soil fractions from 10 PAH-contaminated sites, and evaluated the assumption of dose additivity that is routinely employed to calculate the risk posed by PAH mixtures. Significant mutagenic activity was detected in all nonpolar neutral fractions, and 8 of 10 semipolar aromatic fractions (nonpolar > semipolar). Mutagenic activity of synthetic PAH mixtures that mimic the PAH content of the soils (i.e., 5-PAH or 16-PAH mix) were greater than that of the PAH-containing soil fractions, with 5-PAH mix >16-PAH-mix. Predictions of mutagenic activity, calculated as the sum of the contributions from the mutagenic mixture components, were all within 2-fold of the observed activity of the nonpolar neutral fractions, with one exception. Observed differences in mutagenic activity are likely the result of dynamic metabolic processes, involving a complex interplay of AhR agonsim and saturation of metabolic machinery by competitive inhibition of mixture components. The presence of hitherto unidentified polar compounds present in PAH-contaminated soils may also contribute to overall hazard; however, these compounds are generally not included in current contaminated site risk assessment protocols.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

In Vitro Mammalian Mutagenicity of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Contaminated Soils

Lemieux

Long

Lambert

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Biotesting of wastewater: A comparative study using the Salmonella and CHO assay systems

Waters

Schenley

Owen

et al. 1989

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Means to assess the toxicity of wastewaters are essential to implementing the Federal Clean Water Act. Health risk assessment based on single chemicals is limited by the number of chemicals that can be identified and to those chemicals for which toxicity data are available. Long-term whole animal tests on large numbers of wastewater samples are not practical. In this study, two short-term tests, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay and the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell assay for mutagenicity and cytotoxicity, were evaluated as potentially useful biomonitors of wastewaters. Standard assay protocols were modified to allow testing of up to 2.5 and 3.4 ml of unconcentrated water in the bacterial and mammalian cell tests, respectively. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity were detected in some unconcentrated wastewater samples using these modifications. Data on eight wastewater samples, representing five different sites, indicated that the Salmonella test is the more sensitive indicator of mutagenic activity in those samples, whereas the CHO test is a sensitive indicator of the presence of cytotoxic components. Wastewater concentrates, prepared by adsorption onto XAD-2 and "blue cotton," were compared in the two bioassays. In a single concentrate, the two short-term tests detected distinctly different mutagens. Advantages of using the CHO-AS52 cell line instead of the CHO-K1BH4 line for detecting wastewater mutagens were indicated. This study illustrates the complementary use of multiple bioassays and concentration methods to detect and characterize toxic components in wastewater.

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Comparative studies on the genotoxic activity of mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco

Doolittle

Lee

Ivett³

et al. 1990

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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The in vitro genotoxic activity of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) from cigarettes which heat but do not burn tobacco was compared to that of CSC from cigarettes which burn tobacco. CSCs from five cigarettes were compared. Three of the cigarettes [the Kentucky reference research cigarette (1R4F), a commercially available ultra-low tar brand (ULT) and a commercially available ultra-low tar menthol brand (ULT-menthol]) burn tobacco while two of the cigarettes [a regular (TEST) and a menthol (TEST-menthol]) heat tobacco. CSC from all cigarettes were collected by identical standard techniques, which involved collecting mainstream smoke particulate matter on Cambridge filter pads under FTC smoking conditions. The pads were extracted with DMSO, and the CSCs obtained [10 mg total particulate matter (TPM)/ml DMSO] were evaluated at identical concentrations in an in vitro genetic toxicology test battery. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were mutagenic in Ames bacterial strains TA98, TA100, TA1537, and TA1538 in the presence of metabolic activation (S9 from Aroclor-induced rat liver) but negative in strain TA1535. In the absence of metabolic activation, 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol CSCs were not mutagenic except for a weak response in strain TA1537 for the 1R4F and ULT CSCs. TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were nonmutagenic in all five bacterial strains, both with and without metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were positive in the CHO-chromosomal aberration assay and in the CHO--sister chromatid exchange assay both with and without metabolic activation while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were negative in both assays, either with or without metabolic activation. CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were weakly positive in inducing DNA repair in cultured rat hepatocytes while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were negative in this assay. All five CSCs were nonmutagenic in the CHO-HGPRT assay both with and without metabolic activation. CSCs from the 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes were cytotoxic in the CHO-HGPRT assay, both with and without metabolic activation, while TEST and TEST-menthol CSCs were not cytotoxic under either condition. These results demonstrate that mainstream CSCs from the TEST and TEST-menthol cigarettes are neither genotoxic nor cytotoxic under conditions where CSCs from 1R4F, ULT, and ULT-menthol cigarettes are genotoxic and/or cytotoxic in a concentration-dependent manner.

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Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of coal oils in the CHO/HGPRT assay

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

In Vitro Mammalian Mutagenicity of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Contaminated Soils

In Vitro Mammalian Mutagenicity of Complex Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Contaminated Soils

Biotesting of wastewater: A comparative study using the Salmonella and CHO assay systems

Comparative studies on the genotoxic activity of mainstream smoke condensate from cigarettes which burn or only heat tobacco

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