D-MoSK Modulation in Molecular Communications

Abstract

Molecular communication in nanonetworks is an emerging communication paradigm that uses molecules as information carriers. In molecule shift keying (MoSK), where different types of molecules are used for encoding, transmitter and receiver complexities increase as the modulation order increases. We propose a modulation technique called depleted MoSK (D-MoSK) in which, molecules are released if the information bit is 1 and no molecule is released for 0. The proposed scheme enjoys reduced number of the types of molecules for encoding. Numerical results show that the achievable rate is considerably higher and symbol error rate (SER) performance is better in the proposed technique.

Index Modulation for Molecular Communication via Diffusion Systems

“…This applies to all SISO baseline, space-time coding, SMUX, and proposed index-based modulation schemes. Note that the SISO baseline for dual-molecule systems is the binary depleted molecular shift keying (D-MoSK) modulation presented in [2], which is defined as two BCSK streams working in parallel and orthogonal channels. Considering the applicability of the second molecule on molecular IM approaches, this subsection introduces the dual-molecule IM-based schemes.…”

Transmitter and Receiver Architectures for Molecular Communications: A Survey on Physical Design With Modulation, Coding, and Detection Techniques

“…MoSK can achieve higher capacity, but the main limiting factor for this modulation type is the number of molecules that can be selectively received. Kabir et al [205] further improved MoSK by representing the low logic with no molecule release and enabling simultaneous release of different type of molecules, such that 2 k symbols can be represented with k molecules, which is named depleted MoSK (D-MoSK), that is, 1-bit D-MoSK is equivalent to OOK. 2-bit D-MoSK requires only two molecules, and four distinct symbols can be encoded with these molecules (molecule A and molecule B), such as N (00), A (01), B (10), and AB (11), where N represents no molecule release.…”

Abnormality Detection Inside Blood Vessels With Mobile Nanomachines

“…The distance d 0,k is the Euclidean distance between the kth CN and the FC at time τ = 0, erf(x) denotes the standard error function and the quantities D tot,k and D are defined as, D tot,k = D CN,k + D FC and D = D FC + D P respectively. Further, if the number of molecules released by the kth CN satisfy n k q 0 k > 5 and n k (1 − q 0 k ) > 5 [18], the binomial distribution for S k [j + 1] can be approximated by the Gaussian distribution with mean µ k [j + 1] = n k x k [j]q 0 k and variance σ 2 [21]. Similarly, the binomial distribution of I k [i], 2 ≤ i ≤ j can be approximated as…”