Daily Lifestyle and Inflammatory Skin Diseases

Abstract

Throughout life, it is necessary to adapt to the Earth’s environment in order to survive. A typical example of this is that the daily Earth cycle is different from the circadian rhythm in human beings; however, the ability to adapt to the Earth cycle has contributed to the development of human evolution. In addition, humans can consume and digest Earth-derived foods and use luxury materials for nutrition and enrichment of their lives, as an adaptation to the Earth’s environment. Recent studies have shown that daily lifestyles are closely related to human health; however, less attention has been paid to the fact that obesity due to excessive energy intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption contributes to the development of inflammatory skin diseases. Gluten or wheat protein, smoking and alcohol, sleep disturbance, and obesity drive the helper T (Th)1/Th2/Th17 immune response, whereas dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids negatively regulate inflammatory cytokine production. In this review, we have focused on daily lifestyles and the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.

Lifestyle Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata

“…In addition, various chemicals are contained in tobacco, and tobacco-smoke exposure causes various harmful effects on human health. Consistently, smoking influences various inflammatory skin diseases [5] and affects the development of alopecia.…”

“…Because of this characteristic, the skin plays various vital roles, such as protection against external stimuli and the exertion of inflammatory cytokines [3,4]. Recent studies have identified that daily lifestyle factors, such as smoking, alcohol intake, and sleep, play a vital role in the development of inflammatory skin diseases [5].…”

Epigenetic Modification of PD-1/PD-L1-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy against Melanoma

“…The skin is exposed to various influences from environmental alterations and stimuli, such as temperature, chemicals, microorganisms, and medications [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Indeed, representative inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are significantly influenced by various environmental factors [11][12][13][14][15]. Because of its characteristics as an outer organ, the skin is developed to tolerate, and is specialized to adapt to, these environmental changes [16].…”

The Influences of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Development of Skin Cancers

“…Among various nutrient factors, fatty acids are a component of the cell membrane and contribute to signal network transduction in the body. Although there are many types of fatty acids with various physiological and pathological actions [7][8][9][10], omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil and nuts, have beneficial effects against human diseases and inflammatory responses [11]. In addition to their therapeutic potency [12][13][14], omega-3 fatty acids may also play a role in the development of cutaneous malignancies due to their anti-inflammatory actions [15].…”