Dairy product consumption and risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

BackgroundDairy product consumption may affect the risk of hip fracture, but previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. The primary aim of our meta-analysis was to examine and quantify the potential association of dairy product consumption with risk of hip fracture.MethodsWe searched the databases of PubMed and EMBASE for relevant articles from their inception through April 17, 2017. The final analysis included 10 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled risk. Subgroup and dose-response analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between the consumption of milk and the risk of hip fracture.ResultsAfter pooling the data from the included studies, the summary relative risk (RR) for hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.74–1.12), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66–0.86), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61–0. 77), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93–1.12) for milk, yogurt, cheese, and total dairy products in cohort studies, respectively. Higher milk consumption [Odds ratio (OR), 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55–0. 91] was associated with lower risk of hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption in case-control studies. After quantifying the specific dose of milk, the summary RR/OR for an increased milk consumption of 200 g/day was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94–1.07), and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.64–1.24) with significant heterogeneity for cohort and case-control studies, respectively; There was a nonlinear association between milk consumption and hip fracture risk in cohort, and case-control studies.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that consumption of yogurt and cheese was associated with lower risk of hip fracture in cohort studies. However, the consumption of total dairy products and cream was not significantly associated with the risk of hip fracture. There was insufficient evidence to deduce the association between milk consumption and risk of hip fracture. A lower threshold of 200 g/day milk intake may have beneficial effects, whereas the effects of a higher threshold of milk intake are unclear.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Exosomes of pasteurized milk: potential pathogens of Western diseases

“…Biver et al [216] prospectively followed a cohort of 65-yearold healthy Swiss women and showed that age-related Ct bone loss was attenuated at non-bearing bone sites in fermented dairy product consumers, but not in milk consumers, independently of total energy, calcium, and protein intakes. According to a recent study, there was insufficient evidence to deduce the association between milk consumption and risk of hip fracture, which was however reduced by yogurt and cheese consumption [217].…”

“…Until today, no epidemiological study considered the heat processing (pasteurization vs UHT) of milk and did not report on the presence or absence of bioactive milk exosomes and their miR cargo [190,[212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225]. The presence of bioavailable milk exosomes is however of utmost importance to understand the differences in the biological function of pasteurized versus UHT milk on bone homeostasis.…”

Health Care Costs and Savings Associated with Increased Dairy Consumption among Adults in the United States

“…Of the 19 studies, eight [10,12,[17][18][19][20][21][22] were excluded for reasons including either earlier publications and/or with fewer studies included, limited to a high versus low comparison of intake or reported neutral associations between a dairy product and the health outcome. A summary of the eleven studies [6][7][8][9]11,14,[23][24][25][26] included in the current model is provided in Table 1. Based on our review of the evidence on the beneficial effects of dairy consumption on chronic disease outcomes, inverse associations between dairy consumption and heart disease, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, and hip fractures were identified.…”

“…The association between yogurt and type 2 diabetes was associated with a 6% reduction in type 2 diabetes for each 50 g/day of consumption [7]. In a meta-analysis by Bian et al [26], the association between dairy consumption and risk of hip fracture was summarized based on nine cohort studies and seven case-control studies. In the analyses limited to cohort studies only, yogurt and cheese were associated with a significant reduced risk of hip fractures based on four data points each when comparing high versus low categories of intake and therefore were included in the current model.…”

Association between dairy intake and fracture in an Australian-based cohort of women: a prospective study

“…Holvik et al 24 found no association between increased milk intake and risk for hip fractures in Norwegian women and men. The most recently published meta-analysis (2018), which included 18 observational studies, showed that higher milk intakes were not associated with fractures in both sexes combined 25. However, it is worth noting that there was a large amount of heterogeneity between studies in terms of reporting milk/dairy intake, number of fractures, use of different confounders for adjustment and fracture ascertainment methods.…”