BackgroundDairy product consumption may affect the risk of hip fracture, but previous studies have reported inconsistent findings. The primary aim of our meta-analysis was to examine and quantify the potential association of dairy product consumption with risk of hip fracture.MethodsWe searched the databases of PubMed and EMBASE for relevant articles from their inception through April 17, 2017. The final analysis included 10 cohort studies and 8 case-control studies. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled risk. Subgroup and dose-response analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between the consumption of milk and the risk of hip fracture.ResultsAfter pooling the data from the included studies, the summary relative risk (RR) for hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.74–1.12), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.66–0.86), 0.68 (95% CI: 0.61–0. 77), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.93–1.12) for milk, yogurt, cheese, and total dairy products in cohort studies, respectively. Higher milk consumption [Odds ratio (OR), 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55–0. 91] was associated with lower risk of hip fracture for highest versus lowest consumption in case-control studies. After quantifying the specific dose of milk, the summary RR/OR for an increased milk consumption of 200 g/day was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94–1.07), and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.64–1.24) with significant heterogeneity for cohort and case-control studies, respectively; There was a nonlinear association between milk consumption and hip fracture risk in cohort, and case-control studies.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that consumption of yogurt and cheese was associated with lower risk of hip fracture in cohort studies. However, the consumption of total dairy products and cream was not significantly associated with the risk of hip fracture. There was insufficient evidence to deduce the association between milk consumption and risk of hip fracture. A lower threshold of 200 g/day milk intake may have beneficial effects, whereas the effects of a higher threshold of milk intake are unclear.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundBecause human diets are composed of a wide variety of nutrients that may work synergistically to prevent or promote disease, assessing dietary nutrient intake status may be informative. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary nutrient intake status of Chinese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to evaluate its possible role in MetS.MethodsThis case–control study was conducted from March 2010 to January 2011. A total of 123 patients with MetS and 135 controls participated in this study at the Health Examination Center of Heping District in Tianjin, China. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-h dietary recalls. We used principal component factor analysis to derive nutrient groups from 17 major nutrients. We examined the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals using logistic regression models to test the relationship between tertiles of dietary nutrient pattern and MetS.ResultsThere were 4 major dietary nutrient patterns in this study: “vitamin B group”, “protein and lipids”, “vitamin E and minerals”, and “antioxidant vitamins”. After adjustment for potential confounders, the highest tertile of the nutrient pattern factor score for the “vitamin B group” (odds ratio: 0.16; 95% confidence interval: 0.05–0.47) was negatively associated with MetS compared with the lowest tertiles. No relationships were found between other dietary nutrient patterns and MetS.ConclusionsThe “vitamin B group” pattern was inversely associated with MetS in Chinese adults. This finding supports the hypothesis that the “vitamin B group” pattern may have a potentially beneficial effect on the prevention of MetS.

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Background Epidemiological evidence for the association of soft drink consumption with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is inconsistent, and such association has not been prospectively examined in the general adult population. Objectives We aimed to investigate the prospective association between soft drink consumption and the risk of NAFLD in a Chinese adult population. Methods This prospective cohort study investigated 14,845 participants [mean age: 39.3 y; 6203 (41.8%) men] who were free of liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Soft drink consumption (mainly sugar-containing carbonated beverages) was measured at baseline using a validated FFQ. NAFLD was diagnosed based on abdominal ultrasound without significant alcohol consumption and other causes of liver disease. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was calculated based on sex, BMI, and blood transaminase levels. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of soft drink consumption with incident NAFLD. Results A total of 2888 first-incident cases of NAFLD occurred during 42,048 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up: 4.2 y). After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, dietary intake, and inflammatory markers, the multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for incident NAFLD were 1.00 (reference) for <1 serving/wk, 1.18 (1.03, 1.34) for 1 serving/wk, 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) for 2–3 servings/wk, and 1.47 (1.25, 1.73) for ≥4 servings/wk, respectively (P for trend < 0.0001). Further sensitivity analysis showed that the corresponding multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for incident HSI-defined NAFLD were 1.00 (reference), 0.96 (0.70, 1.31), 1.16 (0.83, 1.62), and 1.59 (1.07, 2.37), respectively (P for trend < 0.0001). Conclusions The results from our prospective study indicate that soft drink consumption is associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in Chinese adults. This study was registered at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000027174.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Recent evidence has suggested the protective effects of honey consumption against metabolic syndrome, but the association between honey intake and NAFLD is still unclear. We investigated how the consumption frequency of honey was associated with NAFLD in the general population. This was a cross-sectional study of 21,979 adults aged 20-90 years. NAFLD was diagnosed based on the ultrasound-diagnosed fatty liver without significant alcohol intake and other liver diseases. Diet information, including consumption frequency of honey, was assessed by a validated 100 item food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by the binary logistic regression model, adjusting for confounding factors identified by the directed acyclic graph. Overall, 6,513 adults (29.6%) had NAFLD. Compared with participants consuming ≤1 time/week of honey, the multivariable ORs (95% CIs) of NAFLD were 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) for 2-6 times/week and 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) for ≥1 times/day (P for trend = 0.90). The results were generally similar in subgroups of body mass index at a cut-point of 24.0 kg/m2 (P for interaction = 0.10). In this large-scale study, consuming honey 2-6 times/week was inversely associated with NAFLD, whereas consuming honey ≥1 times/day had no association with NAFLD. These results need replication in other large-scale prospective studies.