Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Aune, Dagfinn; Rosenblatt, Deborah A. Navarro; Chan, Doris S. M.; Vieira, Ana; Vieira, R.; Greenwood, Darren C.; Vatten, Lars J.; Norat, Teresa

doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.067157

Cited by 250 publications

(212 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…These alternatives sources are also outlined in the Cuban document, where it is noted that 'calcium requirements for adult men are lower and can be covered through a combination of alternative sources, such as cereals, beans, egg and fish' (28) . While not explicit in the Cuban-DG, this recommendation for non-dairy calcium sources is in line with emerging research linking dairy products and prostate cancer risk (33) . While eggs are mentioned as an 'alternative source', it is important to note that, except for the shells, they are not good sources of calcium.…”

Section: Eat Your Proteinmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative analysis of dietary guidelines in the Spanish-Speaking Caribbean

Fuster

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Dietary guidelines are important education and policy tools to address local nutrition concerns. The current paper presents a comparative analysis of nutrition messages from three Spanish-speaking Caribbean countries (Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic) to explore how these dietary guidelines address common public health nutrition concerns, contextualized in different changing food environments and food culture similarities. Design: Qualitative, comparative analysis of current dietary guideline documents and key recommendations. Results: Key recommendations were categorized into sixteen themes (two dietbased, ten food-based and four 'other'). Only the Cuban dietary guidelines included diet-based key recommendations. Of the ten food-based key recommendations, only four themes overlapped across the three dietary guidelines (the encouragement of fruits and vegetables, addressing protein sources and fat). Other overlaps were found between dietary guideline pairs, except between Cuba and Puerto Rico. Further analysis revealed differences in levels of specificity and acknowledgement of local dietary patterns and issues, as well as the need to revise the guidelines to account for current scientific advances. Conclusions: The present study underscored the importance of context in the framing of dietary advice and the influence of national socio-economic and political situations on nutrition policy and education efforts. The results contribute to inform efforts to improve nutrition communication in the region and among migrant communities.

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Section: Eat Your Proteinmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative analysis of dietary guidelines in the Spanish-Speaking Caribbean

Fuster

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Whereas, potential adverse outcomes associated with excess intake of vitamin D may include hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, falls and fractures, PCa and all-cause mortality [248] . A recent systematic review and metaanalysis of prospective studies reported that although increased dairy or calcium intake was associated with an increased risk of PCa, no association was observed with supplemental or non-dairy calcium, which suggest that other components of dairy rather than fat and calcium may increase PCa risk [252] . In line with these mixed findings, supplementation at doses < 1,500 mg/d have been shown to either have no influence on PCa progression [253] , reduce PCa risk [254] or decrease PSA velocity [255] .…”

Section: The Role Of Nutritional Supplementation On Muscle Fat and Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle, fat and performance during androgen deprivation for prostate cancer

Owen¹

2018

Preprint

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Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed male cancers worldwide. One treatment, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is often accompanied with a myriad of adverse effects, including those that negatively impact muscle, fat and performance outcomes. Therefore, ADT-treated men may be living longer, but are at risk of both age- and treatment-related complications. The overall aim of this thesis was to quantify outcomes of muscle, fat and performance in men treated with ADT when compared to PCa (men diagnosed with PCa, not treated with ADT) and healthy controls (men not diagnosed with PCa), and assess the feasibility of implementing a multi-component exercise program combined with protein, calcium and vitamin D supplementation (Ex+ProCaD) compared to usual care in ADT-treated men. Methods: This thesis presents two studies that form part of a larger 52-week randomised controlled trial (RCT), which examined the efficacy of Ex+ProCaD compared to usual care in men treated with ADT for PCa. The first study presented was a nested cross-sectional study performed parallel to the baseline assessment of the RCT and examined differences in muscle, fat and performance outcomes between men treated with ADT when compared to PCa and healthy controls. The second study presented examined the feasibility of implementing the first 26 weeks of the RCT. Results: The cross-sectional study showed that height, weight, body mass index and diet were similar between the three groups, but ADT-treated men were four years older and tended to be less physically active (23-30%; P=0.054). After adjusting for age and physical activity, total body fat mass was 3.3-5.0 kg (P < 0.05) greater in men treated with ADT compared to PCa controls, but there was no difference in total body and regional lean mass. When adiposity was considered, ADT-treated men had 10-12% (P < 0.05) lower appendicular lean mass adjusted for body mass index and 5.6-6.4% (P < 0.05) lower forearm percent muscle cross-sectional area compared to controls. Absolute muscle strength was similar between groups, but when expressed relative to body weight, men treated with ADT had 13-21% (P < 0.05) lower muscle strength compared to controls. Whilst only two ADT-treated men had sarcopenia, these men had a higher proportion (P < 0.001) of pre-sarcopenia when appendicular lean mass was adjusted for body mass index (42%) compared to PCa (15%) and healthy (7%) controls. Men treated with ADT had 15-36% (P < 0.05) greater storage of fat within subcutaneous depots when compared to controls, whereas visceral and intermuscular fat was similar. The majority of subcutaneous fat depots (excluding android region) were shown to be positively associated with ADT duration (P < 0.05). Forearm muscle density was shown to negatively correlate with ADT duration (P < 0.05). The RCT had a high participant retention rate (96%). Adherence was high for the supplement (mean, 92-93%) and modest for the exercise program (mean, 60%). A relatively high proportion (81%) of men in the intervention group reported an adverse event, although only 16% were confirmed to be related to the intervention and the vast majority (97%) were determined to be mild or moderate in terms of severity. Across the ten separate recruitment pathways considered, clinician referral (43%) and PCa support groups (29%) yielded the greatest proportion of enrolled participants. A total of 149 potential participants were screened, which resulted in 42 participants at the time of write up for this thesis. Among the first 28 participants to complete the 26-week intervention, 21-50% were unable to complete at least one measure of muscle strength due to pre-existing comorbidities. Data from the initial 28 participants tended to show that when compared to usual care, Ex+ProCaD led to net improvements in lean mass (0.2-1.4 kg), fat mass (-0.1 to -0.9 kg), muscle strength (8.0-19%), functional muscle power (8.6%) and functional capacity (12-14%). Conclusions: The following key themes emerged from this thesis and may be used to guide clinical practice guidelines and future research: 1) Men treated with ADT for PCa had greater amounts of fat when compared to non-ADT counterparts, 2) Current definitions of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were limited in men treated with ADT for PCa, 3) The greater amounts of fat observed in men treated with ADT for PCa tended to be stored in subcutaneous depots and supersede age-related plateaus/losses, 4) The recruitment of men treated with ADT for PCa into a lifestyle intervention was challenging, and 5) Men treated with ADT for PCa tended to respond positively to a multi-modal exercise training combined with multi-nutrient supplementation.

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“…bone health and nutritional quality), to low for items associated with less known and/or controversial associations (e.g. cancer development, [43][44][45][46][47] diabetes mellitus 48 and environmental concerns 49,50 ). The positive attitudes should be strengthened, whereas empowerment regarding interpretation of complex matters should be undertaken.…”

Section: Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy intake-related intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of South African nutrition professionals

Wenhold

White

2016

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Intake of dairy-related nutrients of South Africans is low. Nutrition professionals may influence dietary behaviour. Their own disposition related to dairy is unknown, yet important in promoting the "have milk, maas or yoghurt every day" guideline. Aim: Guided by the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this study aimed to describe determinants of target behaviour of consumption of 2-3 servings of dairy daily among nutrition professionals. Methods: An electronic survey (Qualtrics Online Survey Software) of conveniently sampled Association for Dietetics in South Africa (ADSA) and Nutrition Society of South Africa (NSSA) members determined their dairy-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control regarding dairy in general, and of milk, maas, yoghurt and cheese. Results: Three hundred and six (306) responses (aged 36.4 ± 10.5 years) were received. A third of nutrition professionals reported that their daily dairy intake was 2-3 servings 4-6 times per week, yet over 40% met the target once per week or less often. Intake differed across products. Intention to consume the target was high (5.2 ± 0.12; scale 1-7). Attitudinal evaluations revealed highest belief scores related to nutritional quality and bone health. Associations with cancer development, diabetes and the environment were believed to be least likely. Professional training and scientific evidence emerged as the strongest subjective norms. Nutrition professionals perceived themselves to be in control of the target behaviour, yet their clients significantly less so (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Nutrition professionals' attitudes, subjective norms and behavioural control can aid responsive empowerment to support dairy-related nutrition education of South Africans.

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Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Cited by 250 publications

References 75 publications

Comparative analysis of dietary guidelines in the Spanish-Speaking Caribbean

Comparative analysis of dietary guidelines in the Spanish-Speaking Caribbean

Muscle, fat and performance during androgen deprivation for prostate cancer

Dairy intake-related intentions, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of South African nutrition professionals

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