Damage modelling of SCRIMP woven roving laminated beams subjected to transverse shear

Finite element modelling of damage progression in non-crimp fabric reinforced composites

“…For the damage progression analysis in composites, the stiffness reduction method has been shown to be mesh and increment-size dependent [32][33][34]. Such dependency also appears for our case, as seen from the load-strain traces in Fig.…”

Mechanical characterisation of a glass/polyester sandwich structure for marine applications

“…The research and development of these materials in the marine field is due to their success in the aerospace industry [1].…”

Modelling impact damage in marine composite panels

“…The damage variables d 4 , d 5 and d 6 are applied to the transverse shear 13, 23 and normal 33 directions, respectfully. The moduli are degraded using similar expressions to Equation (11). The difference between the compressive and tensile behaviour of the material is incorporated using the relevant ultimate stress values from standard transverse compressive and tensile tests.…”

“…These variables are used to degrade the material properties and can vary from 0 (no damage) to 1 but a 10% residual stiffness is maintained so d only reaches a maximum of 0.9. This percentage residual was chosen as a result of in-house testing at DSTL suggesting 5-10% and previous work [31] Table 2. The effect of the fibre presence will add to the strength but this is dependent on the fibre orientation angle which is not readily quantifiable.…”

“…Although the use of resin-rich layer techniques has in the past provided good results [10,11] its reliability is questionable [12] as they do not model the physical separation and ensuing contact condition of the delaminated layers. It is evident that to effectively model delamination and reduce the contact force, cohesive elements are an attractive option and have been popular for modelling delamination in small scale composites plates [13][14][15][16].…”