Dark-field transmission electron microscopy of cortical bone reveals details of extrafibrillar crystals

Schwarcz, Henry P.; McNally, Elizabeth A.; Botton, Gianluigi A.

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2014.10.005

Cited by 91 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Note that the 002 reflection, from planes normal to the c-axis, is in the form of two arcs, indicating that the c-axes of apatite are oriented approximately parallel to the axes of the fibrils. Figure 3 shows a view of such a section using both bright field (BF; Figure 3A) and dark-field (DF; Figure 3B) imaging, in the latter of which only electrons scattered from one Bragg reflection, in this case the 002 arc, are used to construct the image [49]. Anything illuminated in this view must be a crystal of apatite.…”

Section: Longitudinal Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scale = 50 nm. From Schwarcz et al [49] FIGURE 4 | Isolated crystals extracted from bone using NaClO (bleach): (A) from experiments with E. McNally (unpublished); note that dark linear objects ∼100 nm long are edge-wise views of fragments of mineral lamellae; most of the light-gray objects in the image are also ML fragments lying flat on the carbon grid. Scale = 50 nm; (B) from Trueman et al [50].…”

Section: Longitudinal Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FIGURE 8 | Conceptual model for the ultrastructure of bone, from Schwarcz et al [49]. Scale = 100 nm.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Longitudinal and Cross-sectional Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Ultrastructure of Bone and Its Relevance to Mechanical Properties

2017

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Bone is a biologically generated composite material comprised of two major structural components: crystals of apatite and collagen fibrils. Computational analysis of the mechanical properties of bone must make assumptions about the geometric and topological relationships between these components. Recent transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies of samples of bone prepared using ion milling methods have revealed important previously unrecognized features in the ultrastructure of bone. These studies show that most of the mineral in bone lies outside the fibrils and is organized into elongated plates 5 nanometers (nm) thick, ∼80 nm wide and hundreds of nm long. These so-called mineral lamellae (MLs) are mosaics of single 5 nm-thick, 20-50 nm wide crystals bonded at their edges. MLs occur either stacked around the 50 nm-diameter collagen fibrils, or in parallel stacks of 5 or more MLs situated between fibrils. About 20% of mineral is in gap zones within the fibrils. MLs are apparently glued together into mechanically coherent stacks which break across the stack rather than delaminating. ML stacks should behave as cohesive units during bone deformation. Finite element computations of mechanical properties of bone show that the model including such features generates greater stiffness and strength than are obtained using conventional models in which most of the mineral, in the form of isolated crystals, is situated inside collagen fibrils.

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Section: Longitudinal Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Longitudinal Viewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Ultrastructure of Bone and Its Relevance to Mechanical Properties

2017

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“…It is supposed to be a single crystal but sometimes, two or crystals in homoaxial orientation can give such an image. The lattice defects are identified as dark narrow lines as a separator in between the illuminated patches and the patches having parallel lines on it are said to be the Moiré patterns usually formed due to some misaligned identical lattices [14].…”

Section: Uniformly Illuminated Patches and Moiré Fringesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission electron microscopy analysis of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals from cattle bones

Patel

Wei

Han

et al. 2015

Materials Characterization

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“…More recently, dark-field TEM showed that mineral structures in bone are made of apatite crystals approximately 5-6 nm in thickness, approximately 5.8 nm in width and 28 nm in length [12]. Furthermore, there has not been a consensus on the arrangement of minerals with respect to collagen; some studies stated that bone minerals mostly reside inside collagen fibrils in the gap zones [13][14][15][16], while others reported that either the majority or all minerals lie outside the collagen fibrils [12,[17][18][19][20][21][22]. Recent experimental observations on demineralized and deproteinized bone suggested that minerals form a continuum phase in bone [23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of bone fracture and strength at different length scales: a review

Sabet¹,

Najafi²,

Hamed³

et al. 2016

Interface Focus.

113

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In this paper, we review analytical and computational models of bone fracture and strength. Bone fracture is a complex phenomenon due to the composite, inhomogeneous and hierarchical structure of bone. First, we briefly summarize the hierarchical structure of bone, spanning from the nanoscale, sub-microscale, microscale, mesoscale to the macroscale, and discuss experimental observations on failure mechanisms in bone at these scales. Then, we highlight representative analytical and computational models of bone fracture and strength at different length scales and discuss the main findings in the context of experiments. We conclude by summarizing the challenges in modelling of bone fracture and strength and list open topics for scientific exploration. Modelling of bone, accounting for different scales, provides new and needed insights into the fracture and strength of bone, which, in turn, can lead to improved diagnostic tools and treatments of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

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Dark-field transmission electron microscopy of cortical bone reveals details of extrafibrillar crystals

Cited by 91 publications

References 37 publications

The Ultrastructure of Bone and Its Relevance to Mechanical Properties

The Ultrastructure of Bone and Its Relevance to Mechanical Properties

Transmission electron microscopy analysis of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals from cattle bones

Modelling of bone fracture and strength at different length scales: a review

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