Das Ähnlichkeitsgesetz für quasineutrale, anisotherme Entladungssäulen

Pfau, S.; Rutscher, A.; Wojaczek, K.

doi:10.1002/ctpp.19690090406

Cited by 90 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The regions indicate the occurrence of different discharge modes, the shaded region indicates typical parameters as used in this paper. The arrow indicates the principal variation of control parameters performed here (adapted from [15] ). For typical discharges investigated here, Fig.…”

Section: Chargesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hysteresis of ionization waves

et al. 2008

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A quasi-logistic, non-linear model for ionization wave modes is introduced. Modes are due to finite size of the discharge and current feed-back. The model consists of competing coupled modes and it incorporates spatial wave amplitude saturation. The hysteresis of wave mode transitions under current variation is reproduced. Side-bands are predicted by the model and found in experimental data. The ad-hoc model is equivalent to a general -so-called universal -approach from bifurcation theory.

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Section: Chargesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific macroscopic dynamic phenomenon addressed in this paper is the hysteresis of ionization wave modes of the so called p-type [15]. The wave modes develop due to the finite length of the discharge and feed-back of the discharge current oscillations [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hysteresis of ionization waves

et al. 2008

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“…(5) and (6) ate isomorphic; so t h a t with due regard to the p l a s m a p a r a m e t e r s reflected in the bik it is i m m e d i a t e l y possible to calculate the resistances, inductances and capacities b y comparing coefficients. In the calculations p r e s e n t a t i o n of the quantities of the equivalent circuit in a similarity scheme was a b a n d o n e d from the first b o t h because a higher pressure had to be expected w i t h greater triple collision destruction in the medium-pressure discharge and because this process does not conforto with the B -i n v a r i a n t similarity law [6]. …”

Section: ~Xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impedance, equivalent circuit and stability behaviour of medium-pressure discharges

Deutsch

1972

Acta Physica

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Ah equivalent circuir of a medium pressure column is derived at low current and stability behaviour is considered on this basis.Studies of the dynamic behaviour of discharges [1], [2] have shown that it is possible to derive quantitative information about the efficiency of va¡ elementary processes (direct ionization, stepwise ionization) in the discharge mechanism. This possibility is of particular importanee in instantes when single elementary processes (e.g. triple collisions) have but a small effect on the statie characteristics of a discharge, but a signifieant influence on the dynamic behaviour. From investigations of the dynamic behaviour it was found that tentative suggestions about the stability of the discharge [3], [4] could be made, although in order to get easily surveyable stability criteria ir was necessary t6 derive ah equivalent circuit of the discharge [5]. The positive low-pressure columns at weak currents have already been investigated in this direction. The object of this paper is first to derive an equivalent circuit of a positive medium-pressure column at low current and then to consider stability on this basis.

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“…the velocity distribution function of electrons is invariant for optimum laser plasma conditions. Therefore, "Boltzmann-invariant similarity laws" are applicable [69Pfa]. Resulting scaling rules agree with experiments in a first-order approximation [99Lit]:…”

Section: Operating Characteristic Of the Continuous He-cd Lasermentioning

confidence: 51%

“…"Boltzmann-invariant similarity laws" [69Pfa] for the electron distribution function in optimized laser plasmas are the consequence. Substituting (3.4.20) into (3.4.19) the maximum power per unit length can be written as…”

Section: Excitation Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

3.4 Ion lasers and metal vapor lasers

Seelig

Laser Systems, Part 1

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Since the first ion laser was built in 1964 [64Bel, 00Bri], several hundreds ion laser transitions in the visible and near UV spectral range have been reported [66Bri]. Generation of these ion transitions requires low-pressure arc discharges containing noble gases or metal vapors to provide electron densities exceeding 10 13 cm −3 . The corresponding high threshold current densities for ion laser excitation of more than 100 A cm −2 mostly permit only quasi-cw pulsed mode operation. The spectral range of ion lasers is the largest of all lasers, down to the X-ray region if high-Z ions are considered. Although the pump power densities increase rapidly with the laser frequency and other excitation methods must be used, some similarities to visible-range ion lasers are present. This review is restricted to classical visible and near-ultraviolet ion lasers. These are commercial systems and, in particular, noble gas ion lasers with high continuous power levels.Historically ion lasers and metal vapor lasers are closely related. The first metal vapor laser was the optically pumped cw Cs laser. [62Rab]. Difficulties with alkali metals and high temperatures have stimulated the search of other potential laser media, e.g. Hg with well-established lamp technology. So the first gas discharge metal vapor laser was a Hg I laser [63Rid]. The first gas ion laser invented by Bell [64Bel] also used mercury, the first laser with doubly ionized Hg was demonstrated by Gerritson and Goedetier [64Ger]. More important was the discovery of the continuous 488 nm Ar ion laser action in Ar-Hg-mixture discharges by Bridges et al [64Bri]. The He-Hg + laser inspired Fowler and Silfvast to the search for new laser transitions in other He-metal discharges. A result was the continuous He-Cd + laser, a successful commercial metal vapor laser [66Sil]. The discovery of the Cu I and Au I laser, another type of metal vapor laser, by Walter et al. [66Wal1,66Wal2] in 1965 has started the very successful development of self-terminating resonancemetastable metal vapor lasers with repetitively pulsed metal-noble-gas low-pressure discharges. The Cu I laser is the most powerful, efficient, and best developed metal vapor laser. Oscillating on the Cu I transitions at 510.6 nm and 578.2 nm wavelength, average output powers of up to 500 W have been demonstrated from oscillators. Commercial lasers are available with output powers of up to 120 W at an efficiency of 1 %. Typical laser pulses have 10 . . . 100 ns in duration at pulse repetition rates of up to 200 kHz with peak powers of up to several hundred kW.Different metal vapor lasers are the subjects for a few thousand contributions in the scientific literature. In a comprehensive book C.E. Little [99Lit] gives a current review. This contribution is concentrated on commercially available laser systems. Therefore, the last part is restricted to the copper vapor laser, representing the class of self-terminating metal vapor high-power lasers.Landolt-Börnstein New Series VIII/1B1

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Das Ähnlichkeitsgesetz für quasineutrale, anisotherme Entladungssäulen

Cited by 90 publications

References 33 publications

Hysteresis of ionization waves

Hysteresis of ionization waves

Impedance, equivalent circuit and stability behaviour of medium-pressure discharges

3.4 Ion lasers and metal vapor lasers

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