Das mörteltechnische und chemische Verhalten verschiedener Trasse und Gesteinsmehle in Verbindung mit Kalk in wäßrigen Lösungen

Schwiete, Hans-Ernst; Kastanja, Petrus; Ludwig, Udo

doi:10.1007/978-3-663-06927-0

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…5b). This kind of crust does not change the morphology of the stone surface (Fitzner et al 1995) and seems to have very strong bonds with the stone surface (Török et al 2011;Siegesmund et al 2007). Scaling is often observed in context with laminar crusts.…”

Section: Crust Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wolff (1972) addressed the formation of gypsum crusts on Obernkirchner sandstone-sandstone with very little calcium content-to leaching alkaline components of the joint mortars. Mortars with latently hydraulic binders, e.g., puzzolana and diatomaceous earth, or cement components are commonly known for their capability to release water-soluble forms of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium components (Arnold 1981(Arnold , 1992Bläuer-Böhm 2005;Kraus 2002;Kraus and Droll 2009;Schwiete et al 1965). At Cologne cathedral, it can be observed that in many places the decay on the Drachenfels trachyte starts from the joints, which is indicated by gypsum crusts, flaking and scaling (Graue et al 2011).…”

Section: Sulfur and Calcium Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Schlaitdorfer sandstone shows thick black weathering crusts, which are regularly accompanied by severe contour scaling several centimeters thick, as well as pronounced granular disintegration. On the Krensheimer Muschelkalk, the crusts seem to temporarily stabilize the stone surface (Siegesmund et al 2007). On surfaces exposed to rain, solution phenomena can be observed, e.g., microkarst (Graue et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Severe stone deterioration is evident at the Cologne cathedral. In particular, the ''Drachenfels'' trachyte, which was the building material of the medieval construction period, shows significant structural deterioration as well as massive formation of gypsum crusts. The present article investigates crust formation on limestone, sandstone, and volcanic rock from the Cologne cathedral as well as from the Xanten and Altenberg cathedrals. These three buildings, showing varying degrees of deterioration, are located in different areas and exposed to varying industrial, urban, and rural pollution. Thin laminar and black framboidal crusts form on calcareous as well as silicate stone. The lack of a significant intrinsic calcium and sulfur source for the formation of the gypsum crusts on the Drachenfels trachyte indicates major extrinsic environmental impact: a sufficient offer of SO x from pollutant fluxes as well as external calcium sources (e.g., pollution, mortars, neighboring calcite stones). Chemical analyses reveal strong gypsum enrichment within the crusts as well as higher concentrations of lead and other pollutants (arsenic, antimony, bismuth, tin, etc.), which generally can be linked to traffic and industry. The formation of weathering crusts in an industrial environment is clearly distinguishable from that in rural areas. Scanning electron microscopy observations confirm that the total amount of pollution is less at the Altenberg cathedral than at the Cologne and Xanten cathedrals. XRF analyses show that the formation of gypsum occurs in lower amounts at Altenberg. This correlates well with the measured SO 2 content and the intensity of the decay at the different locations. Furthermore, the different types of crusts, e.g., framboidal and laminar, can be differentiated and assigned to the different locations. The black weathering crusts on the silicate Drachenfels trachyte contribute to the degradation of the historic building material. They enhance mechanical moisture-related deterioration processes and the decay by chemical corrosion of rock-forming minerals. Although SO 2 concentrations in air have shown a strong decrease over the past 30 years, degradation in connection with weathering crusts is still observed. This indicates that not only contemporary or recent emissions, but also past pollutant concentrations have to be considered.

show abstract

Section: Crust Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sulfur and Calcium Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These play an important part in the deterioration of natural building stones. Mortars may function as a source of alkaline components and contribute to the formation of damaging salts (Grün 1931;Wolff 1972;Arnold 1981Arnold , 1992Bläuer-Böhm 2005;Kraus 2002; Kraus and Droll 2009;Schwiete et al 1965). Furthermore, due to their different physical properties, e.g., strength, elasticity, density, water absorption, thermal and moisture dilatation, they might display divergent behavior from the stone materials and contribute to their decay, if not cause the deterioration of the natural building stones.…”

Section: Aims Of the Thesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wolff (1972) addressed the formation of gypsum crusts on Obernkirchen sandstonesandstone with very little calcium contentto leaching alkaline components of the joint mortars. Mortars with latently hydraulic binders, e.g., puzzolana and diatomeous earth, or cement components are commonly known for their capability to release water-soluble forms of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium components (Arnold 1981(Arnold , 1992Bläuer-Böhm 2005;Kraus 2002;Kraus and Droll 2009;Schwiete et al 1965). At Cologne cathedral, it can be observed that in many places the decay on the Drachenfels trachyte starts from the joints, which is indicated by gypsum crusts, flaking and scaling (Graue et al 2011).…”

Section: Sulfur and Calcium Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stone deterioration and replacement of natural building stones at the Cologne cathedral - A contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage

Graue¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Electron Microscopy

Felton¹,

Greider²

1966

Anal. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Das mörteltechnische und chemische Verhalten verschiedener Trasse und Gesteinsmehle in Verbindung mit Kalk in wäßrigen Lösungen

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

The effect of air pollution on stone decay: the decay of the Drachenfels trachyte in industrial, urban, and rural environments—a case study of the Cologne, Altenberg and Xanten cathedrals

Stone deterioration and replacement of natural building stones at the Cologne cathedral - A contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage

Electron Microscopy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About