“…In such systems, an accurate initial condition is of the utmost importance for predictive dynamical models to provide accurate forecasts. DA is critical in various areas of engineering and sciences, such as weather prediction [7,8,9], environmental and geophysical flows [10,11,12], combustion systems [13,14,15], aeronautics [16], hydrology [17], acoustics [18], and fluid mechanics [19,20].…”