Data for the Reference Man: skeleton content of chemical elements

Abstract

This study was undertaken to provide reference values of chemical element mass fractions in intact bone of Reference (European Caucasian) Man/Woman. The rib bone samples investigated were obtained from autopsies of 84 apparently healthy 15-58-year-old citizens (38 females and 46 males) of a non-industrial region in the Central European part of Russia who had suffered sudden death. The mass fractions (mg/kg given on a wet mass basis) of 69 elements in these bone samples were measured by using neutron activation analysis with high-resolution spectrometry of short-lived and long-lived radionuclides, particle-induced gamma-ray emission, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry including necessary quality control measures. Using published and measured data, mass fraction values of the 79 elements for the rib bone have been derived. Based on accepted rib to skeleton mass fractions and reference values of skeleton mass for Reference Man, the elemental burdens in the skeleton were estimated. These results may provide a representative bases for establishing related reference values for the Russian Reference Man/Woman and for revising and adding current reference values for the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The data presented will also be very valuable for many other applications in radiation protection, radiotherapy radiation dosimetry, and other scientific fields.

Elemental vs. phase composition of breast calcifications

“…The absence of potassium is not surprising since K + substitution for Ca 2+ in apatite is much less energetically favourable than sodium, due the relatively large size of the potassium ion 25 . This is consistent with the observation that potassium levels in bone are an order of magnitude less than sodium 26 . Zinc levels in bone are a further order of magnitude less than potassium 26 , and the four-fold enhancement observed in tumour tissue 21, 24 , to about 7–12 ppm, is unlikely to raise levels in calcifications to a level detectable by SEM-EDS.…”

“…This is consistent with the observation that potassium levels in bone are an order of magnitude less than sodium 26 . Zinc levels in bone are a further order of magnitude less than potassium 26 , and the four-fold enhancement observed in tumour tissue 21, 24 , to about 7–12 ppm, is unlikely to raise levels in calcifications to a level detectable by SEM-EDS. Increased iron levels in tumours are very likely due to increased vascularity, as with zinc, the levels in bone and tumour soft tissue are far too small to make this a likely candidate for detection in this study.…”

“…Measured values for Ca:P ratio in bone vary widely, and have recently been comprehensively reviewed 26 . The most relevant all-bone study cited is the ICRP-89 Reference Woman with a Ca:P atomic ratio of 1.63, and a compilation of studies on various bones gave a value of 1.68.…”

The Silver, Cobalt, Chromium, Iron, Mercury, Rubidium, Antimony, Selenium, And Zinc Contents In Human Bone Affected By chondrosarcoma

“…1). Table 2 [24][25][26][27][28] Chondrosarcoma is classified as a bone tumor. Our previous findings showed that the means of the Ca and P mass fraction in the chondrosarcoma tissue are lower than in normal bone, but the mean of Ca/P ratio is similar.…”

The distinction between chondroma and chondrosarcoma using chemical element mass fractions in tumors determined by neutron activation analysis as diagnostic markers

“…It is well known that tissues of the human body differ greatly in their proportions of chemical elements and that there is the homeostasis of element contents [11]. As was shown in our previous studies the human bone tissue contains much more Ca, P, Mg, and many other chemical elements in comparison with soft tissues [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. Thus, it can be expected that normal bone and bone tumors, being different tissues have specific and different elemental compositions.…”