DCT domain watermarking scheme using Chinese Remainder Theorem for image authentication

Patra, J.C.; Phua, Jiliang; Rajan, Dinesh

doi:10.1109/icme.2010.5583326

Cited by 17 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This method embeds 4096 bits of information of an image whose dimension is 512 × 512 pixels, where adaptive quantization can be used to select the twelve representative DCT coefficients which embed the watermark. A Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT)-based watermarking scheme in the DCT domain has been proposed by Jagdish C. Patra, which performs better against brightening, sharpening effects, and JPEG compression, as compared to a CRT scheme based on spatial domain methods, in terms of robustness and security [79]. Although DCT techniques are robust and resistant against common image processing operations, they require huge amounts of calculation.…”

Section: Discrete Cosine Transform (Dct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review

2020

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Digital image authentication is an extremely significant concern for the digital revolution, as it is easy to tamper with any image. In the last few decades, it has been an urgent concern for researchers to ensure the authenticity of digital images. Based on the desired applications, several suitable watermarking techniques have been developed to mitigate this concern. However, it is tough to achieve a watermarking system that is simultaneously robust and secure. This paper gives details of standard watermarking system frameworks and lists some standard requirements that are used in designing watermarking techniques for several distinct applications. The current trends of digital image watermarking techniques are also reviewed in order to find the state-of-the-art methods and their limitations. Some conventional attacks are discussed, and future research directions are given.

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Section: Discrete Cosine Transform (Dct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review

2020

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“…It is shown that the CRT-based spatial domain watermarking technique is highly computationally efficient compared to SVD-based scheme and able to withstand several common attacks, but it cannot withstand JPEG compression [18]. However, in subsequent reports it is shown that the CRT based watermarking scheme implemented in DCT domain is able to withstand JPEG compression at the expense of a little more computational cost [19], [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient CRT based Digital Image Watermarking using Double Density Wavelet Transform

Singh¹

2016

IJMIP

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Digital Watermarking is an unpretentious and effective approach to afford copyright fortification. Watermark transparency is obligatory primarily for copyright protection. The challenge is to introduce a digital watermark that is both transparent and highly robust to common signal processing and possible attacks. The two basic requirements for an effective watermarking scheme, robustness and transparency, conflict with each other. We propose a watermarking technique for digital gray scale images that is based on utilizing congruence's in number theory and its generalizations in abstract algebra which have been developed in the context of image compression. Our watermarking scheme is based on a Chinese Remainder Theorem along with Double Density Discrete Wavelet Transform framework individually which allows for the possibility of directly watermarking the Image bit-stream, Watermark region selection is based on transformation level. In proposed scheme, initially, the cover image and watermark are transformed into spatial domain using Double Density Wavelet Transform and then singular values of these transformed images are combined using CRT coefficients. Our scheme is shown to provide very good results both in terms of image transparency and robustness. An optimal watermark embedding method is developed to achieve minimum watermarking distortion. Experimental results are provided in terms of Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Correlation and Weighted Peak signal to noise ratio (WPSNR) to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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“…Tamper areas can then be localized by comparing the extracted and the original watermarks. Patra et al [4] convert the images into the DCT domain and quantize the low-frequency coefficients according to the target levels determined by the Chinese Remainder Theorem. Their method is computationally efficient and is able to withstand such attacks as JPEG compression, sharpening, and brightening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Tamper Detection and Recovery by Intersecting Signatures

et al. 2014

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IntroductionAs digital technologies advance, more and more publications are produced in digital formats and transmitted via the Internet. Accompanying such advance, however, unauthorized use, illegal copying, and malicious modification of digital products have become serious problems. Researchers thus try to find various ways to protect digital products; solutions include copyright assertion, content authentication, etc. In the area of image content authentication, the integrity of an image is regarded very important and must therefore be realized. A common approach is the use of digital watermarking techniques. Digital watermarking serves many purposes, for example, proof of ownership, content authentication, copy control, and so on.Researchers have developed various image authentication techniques to detect if an image has experienced unauthorized modification. Some of them can only detect whether the image as a whole has been altered. Others may have the additional capability to detect if a certain part of the image has been tampered with. Liu et al.[1] studied the Zenike moment values which are generated from low DWT subbands. They found that the quantized values are robust to common processing operations but fragile to malicious attacks. Therefore, they embedded the watermark by quantizing the Zernike moment values, and the locations (i.e., blocks) suffered from malicious attacks can be identified through examining the extracted values. Their method has moderate robustness against JPEG compression. In Rawat and Raman's scheme [2], two chaotic maps are used in order to enhance the security of the watermarked images. The pixels in the image are disturbed using the first chaotic map and are further separated into bit planes with the least significant bit used for watermark embedding. A binary watermark is scrambled by the second chaotic map. The watermarked images can avoid counterfeiting attacks. Xi'an [3] scrambled a bi-level watermark by the Arnold transform, and the Human Visual System is used to determine the quantization step. The scrambled watermark is then inserted into the low DWT coefficients. Tamper areas can then be localized by comparing the extracted and the original watermarks. Patra et al. [4] convert the images into the DCT domain and quantize the low-frequency coefficients according to the target levels determined by the Chinese Remainder Theorem. Their method is computationally efficient and is able to withstand such attacks as JPEG compression, sharpening, and brightening. Qi et al.[5] used two content-based watermarks to protect the images. One of them is generated by an edge detector for the purpose of detecting tiny changes, and the other is generated from the relationship between the wavelet coefficients for localizing tampered regions. Both watermarks are embedded into middle-and high-frequency DWT coefficients. Finally, the generated watermarks and extracted watermarks are compared to authenticate the image, and a malicious

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DCT domain watermarking scheme using Chinese Remainder Theorem for image authentication

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review

Digital Image Watermarking Techniques: A Review

An Efficient CRT based Digital Image Watermarking using Double Density Wavelet Transform

Image Tamper Detection and Recovery by Intersecting Signatures

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