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This paper discusses the question of knowledge construction on Islam in contemporary Russia through the lens of the category of space. Many everyday categories used by Muslims to characterize their identity are linked to spatial references. Starting from the idea of locality and ending in the search of traditional forms of Islam, these categories are highly politicized in the contemporary context. The aim of this paper is to explore the intermediary space between the political and the religious fields, the space of circulation between these fields in which experts on Islam are situated. Indeed, numerous academic specialists engage in expertise on Islam by creating or recycling categories, which circulate between the secular and the religious spaces. These experts have different backgrounds, different profiles and different strategies. Their impact on religious and political processes varies too. In addition, the experts of Islam have different characteristics according to the space they act in. We will compare these experts’ discourses in various regions (Moscow, Tatarstan and Dagestan) to analyse their strategies and the way in which they relate to their environment. Besides blurring the border between the secular and the religious by ensuring a permanent circulation of categories, the experts on Islam activate political and religious notions in a different manner according to their spatial affiliation. This concerns the reference to the local or international Muslim space as well as their normative discourse on acceptable forms of Islam.
This paper discusses the question of knowledge construction on Islam in contemporary Russia through the lens of the category of space. Many everyday categories used by Muslims to characterize their identity are linked to spatial references. Starting from the idea of locality and ending in the search of traditional forms of Islam, these categories are highly politicized in the contemporary context. The aim of this paper is to explore the intermediary space between the political and the religious fields, the space of circulation between these fields in which experts on Islam are situated. Indeed, numerous academic specialists engage in expertise on Islam by creating or recycling categories, which circulate between the secular and the religious spaces. These experts have different backgrounds, different profiles and different strategies. Their impact on religious and political processes varies too. In addition, the experts of Islam have different characteristics according to the space they act in. We will compare these experts’ discourses in various regions (Moscow, Tatarstan and Dagestan) to analyse their strategies and the way in which they relate to their environment. Besides blurring the border between the secular and the religious by ensuring a permanent circulation of categories, the experts on Islam activate political and religious notions in a different manner according to their spatial affiliation. This concerns the reference to the local or international Muslim space as well as their normative discourse on acceptable forms of Islam.
Cette étude vise à caractériser l’incidence de la position spécifique des think tanks américains à l’interface du monde de la recherche et du monde politique sur leur discours, à travers une analyse structurelle et rhétorique d’un corpus de policy briefs produits par trois think tanks américains entre 2010 et 2013. Elle s’appuie sur l’hypothèse suivante : les contraintes auxquelles sont soumis les experts des think tanks dans leur pratique professionnelle du fait de cette position d’interface et la tension entre expertise et action politique qui en résulte, se reflètent sur certaines caractéristiques du genre. L’analyse structurelle met en lumière la nature codifiée du genre organisé en réponse aux besoins d’expertise des hommes politiques. L’analyse rhétorique révèle cependant la dimension programmatique des policy briefs, reflet du besoin de visibilité et d’influence des think tanks dans le monde politique américain. Cette tension entre expertise et visée programmatique, et la nature hybride du genre, permettent de questionner la posture de l’expert des think tanks dans la société américaine.
Durant la crise malienne de 2012-2013, les conditions d'enquête de terrain au sein des associations islamiques de Bamako furent particulièrement modifiées. Les difficultés d'accès aux acteurs et aux données nécessitent de recourir à des informations de seconde main, fournies par les journalistes, fonctionnaires ou diplomates, formant ainsi une véritable « économie du renseignement » autour du religieux, dans laquelle l'ethnographe est impliqué. Ces conditions sont symptomatiques d'un contexte impliquant la guerre française « contre le terrorisme ». Le regain d'intérêt envers les acteurs religieux génère une inflation discursive sur l'islam, permettant notamment d'informer les programmes internationaux de développement mis en place à destination de l'islam « modéré ». A partir d'un retour réflexif sur les conditions d'enquête de terrain au sein du Haut Conseil Islamique du Mali en 2013, et d'une étude des usages de la catégorie de « wahhabite », je cherche à montrer la manière dont l'utilisation d'un langage d'expert, servant à décrire les rapports entre politique et religion, tend à transformer les rapports de force au sein du champ religieux.
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