De la ciudadanía suramericana al humanitarismo: el giro en la política y diplomacia migratoria ecuatoriana

Abstract

El objetivo del artículo es examinar los cambios en la política y diplomacia migratoria en Ecuador al poner atención a las medidas implementadas a partir del incremento de arribos de migrantes venezolanos. Con la llegada al poder del presidente Lenín Moreno, en dicho país andino se pasó de un enfoque de derechos a uno de seguridad amparado en la figura del gobierno humanitario, donde se ve a los migrantes tanto como víctimas y como amenazas. Metodológicamente se realiza un análisis de los principales decretos emitidos desde 2018 y se apoya en fuentes cuantitativas sobre flujos y visas otorgadas hasta agosto de 2020. El texto deja ver cómo el gobierno utiliza la diplomacia migratoria como un elemento central de su política exterior tanto para acercarse a la agenda de Washington, alejarse del eje bolivariano —principalmente del gobierno de Venezuela— y conseguir fondos de la cooperación internacional para hacer frente a la llegada de migrantes.

Towards a typology of social protection for migrants and refugees in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…While these trends have been widely discussed in the European context (Ticktin, 2011 ), they are more recent in Latin America. The academic debates in the region have addressed the way in which some policies, while clothed in moral universals and humanitarian imperatives, are ultimately aimed at the management, control, and exclusion of mobile populations (Finn & Umpierrez de Reguero, 2020 ; Herrera & Berg, 2019 ; Ramirez, 2020 ; Stang et al, 2020 ). Indeed, with the advent of the recent Venezuelan and Central American exodus, the idea of a humanitarian crisis emerged across the region, with several studies and some international organisations claiming that the recent massive migration has been a response to numerous human rights violations and severely deteriorated socioeconomic conditions threatening survival (Freier, 2018 ).…”

COVID-19 and Immigrants’ Increased Exclusion: The Politics of Immigrant Integration in Chile and Peru

“…First, although many analysts have highlighted the initial relatively open and generous policy response by South American countries to Venezuelan displacement and increased intra-regional mobility (Acosta et al, 2019;Selee and Bolter, 2020), the majority of countries in the region, including Peru and Chile, passed ad hoc policies through presidential decrees, instead of applying existing and, overall, very progressive legislation (Acosta et al, 2019). In the context of Latin American presidentialism, this always bore the risk of leading to unstable policies that could change rapidly, depending on changing political inclinations and public opinion (Aron Said and Castillo Jara, 2020;Ramírez, 2020b). Indeed, even before the COVID-19 crisis, immigrants in both Chile and Peru were increasingly excluded in socio-economic terms.…”

Introduction: Emergent Issues of South American Migrations

“…The gradual replacement of public policies by interventions of a humanitarian nature allows some migrants to have access to certain basic services and some job opportunities, but, in general, it causes dependence of both migrants and States on the flow of international cooperation funds and, above all, deepens the problems previously mentioned: fragmentation, lack of coordination of public policies, and lack of equal and permanent access to basic services for all migrant populations. This trend has consolidated in the last two years via the combined effect of the pandemic, the economic collapse of many countries, and the international management that is taking place with regards to Venezuelan migration, through the massive injection of transnational capital available for humanitarian intervention (Ramírez, 2020).…”