Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 years in the UK after using mephedrone

Loi, Barbara; Corkery, John; Claridge, Hugh; Goodair, Christine; Chiappini, Stefania; Clemente, Carla Gimeno; Schifano, Fabrizio

doi:10.1002/hup.2423

Cited by 58 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Continuing this trend, during 2015, a total of 100 new substances (i.e., cathinones, cannabinoids, phenethylamines, opioids, tryptamines, benzodiazepines, arylalkylamines, and other groups) were reported for the first time to the EU Early Warning System, bringing the total number of new substances monitored to more than 560, with more than 380 (70%) of these detected in the last 5 years alone and with two new substances detected every week (EMCDDA, ). With increased availability, harms have increased, such as acute, sometimes fatal, poisonings (Chiappini et al, ; Loi et al, ; Dines et al, ; Zawilska & Andrzejczak, ; Bersani et al, ; Schifano et al, ), harms associated with injecting drugs (Hope et al, ), and the possibility to develop psychiatric symptoms (Martinotti et al, ; Martinotti et al, ; Bersani et al, ). Beside acute toxicological effects, many NPS seem to have addictive properties (Miliano et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1‐cyclohexyl‐x‐methoxybenzene derivatives, novel psychoactive substances seized on the internet market. Synthesis and in vivo pharmacological studies in mice

Fantinati

Ossato

Bianco

et al. 2017

Human Psychopharmacology

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For the first time, this study demonstrates that systemic administration of 1-cyclohexyl-x-methoxybenzene compounds markedly inhibit visual response, promote analgesia, and induce core temperature alterations in mice. This data, although obtained in animal model, suggest their possible hazard for human health (i.e., hyperthermia and sensorimotor alterations). In particular, these novel psychoactive substances may have a negative impact in many daily activities, greatly increasing the risk factors for workplace accidents and traffic injuries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1‐cyclohexyl‐x‐methoxybenzene derivatives, novel psychoactive substances seized on the internet market. Synthesis and in vivo pharmacological studies in mice

Fantinati

Ossato

Bianco

et al. 2017

Human Psychopharmacology

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“…Mood disturbances and paranoid ideation have been observed in chronic users of cathinones, both natural and synthetic [87][88][89][90].…”

Section: Desired and Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deaths have been associated with a range of synthetic cathinones, including: mephedrone [87,88,90,101,102], methylone and butylone [103], ethylone [104], bupropion [82], α-PVP [95,105,106], MDPV [93,[107][108][109], and methedrone [110].…”

Section: Deathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

NPS: Medical Consequences Associated with Their Intake

Schifano

Orsolini

Papanti

et al. 2016

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

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Over the last decade, the 'traditional' drug scene has been supplemented - but not replaced - by the emergence of a range of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), which are either newly created or existing drugs, including medications, now being used in novel ways. By the end of 2014, in excess of 500 NPS had been reported by a large number of countries in the world. Most recent data show, however, that synthetic cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, and psychedelics/phenethylamines account for the largest number of NPS.The present chapter aims at providing an overview of the clinical and pharmacological issues relating to these most popular NPS categories. Given the vast range of medical and psychopathological issues associated with the molecules here described, it is crucial for health professionals to be aware of the effects and toxicity of NPS. A general overview of the acute management of NPS adverse events is provided as well, although further studies are required to identify a range of evidence-based, index molecule-focused, treatment strategies. The rapid pace of change in the NPS online market constitutes a major challenge to the provision of current and reliable scientific knowledge on these substances.

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“…It belongs to the NPS category, which encompasses a wide number of compounds widely marketed in the “real” and “virtual” world as legal substitutes for banned drugs (Miliano et al, ) and being sometimes more harmful than their parental compounds in terms of toxicity, adverse reactions, dependence, long‐term effects (Schifano, Orsolini, Papanti, & Corkery, ), fatalities (Chiappini et al, ; Loi et al, ), and psychiatric consequences ( Martinotti et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4,4′‐Dimethylaminorex (“4,4′‐DMAR”; “Serotoni”) misuse: A Web‐based study

Loi

Zloh

Luca

et al. 2017

Human Psychopharmacology

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Background 4,4′‐DMAR (4,4′‐dimethylaminorex; “Serotoni”) is a potent stimulant drug that has recently been associated with a number of fatalities in Europe. Over the last few years, online communities have emerged as important resources for disseminating levels of technical knowledge on novel psychoactive substances. Objective Analysing the information provided by the fora communities on 4,4′‐DMAR use, additionally critical reviewing the available evidence‐based literature on this topic. Methods Different website drug fora were identified. A critical review of the existing evidence‐based literature was undertaken. Individuation and analysis of qualitative data from the identified website fora were performed. Results The combined search results identified six website fora from which a range of qualitative data on recurring themes was collected. These themes included routes of administration and doses; desired effects; adverse effects; comparison with other drugs; association with other drugs; medications self‐administered to reverse 4,4′‐DMAR action; overall impression; and provision of harm‐reduction advice. Conclusions Although being characterized by a number of methodological limitations, the social networks' Web monitoring approach (netnography) may be helpful to better understand some of the clinical and psychopharmacological issues pertaining to a range of novel psychoactive substances, including 4,4′‐DMAR, for which only extremely little, if any, scientific knowledge is available.

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Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 years in the UK after using mephedrone

Cited by 58 publications

References 33 publications

1‐cyclohexyl‐x‐methoxybenzene derivatives, novel psychoactive substances seized on the internet market. Synthesis and in vivo pharmacological studies in mice

1‐cyclohexyl‐x‐methoxybenzene derivatives, novel psychoactive substances seized on the internet market. Synthesis and in vivo pharmacological studies in mice

NPS: Medical Consequences Associated with Their Intake

4,4′‐Dimethylaminorex (“4,4′‐DMAR”; “Serotoni”) misuse: A Web‐based study

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