1994
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00645.x
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Debate about ironstone: has solute supply been surficial weathering, hydrothermal convection, or exhalation of deep fluids?

Abstract: Ironstone is any chemical sedimentary rock with >15% Fe. An iron formation is a stratigraphic unit which is composed largely of ironstone. The solutes which have precipitated to become ironstone have dissolved from the Earth's surface, from the upper crust, e.g. the basaltic layer of oceanic crust, or from deeper within the Earth. Genetic modellers generally choose between surficial weathering, e.g. soil formation, and hydrothermal fluids which have convected through the upper kilometre of oceanic crust. Most … Show more

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Cited by 60 publications
(37 citation statements)
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“…In addition, iron ooids and pisoids composed of iron oxyhydroxides admixed with amorphous silica, with volcanic rock fragments in the center, have been described by Heikoop et al (1996) from offshore Mahengetang, Indonesia, in the photic zone; these could be modern analogues of GIF. Ironsilicate ooids and peloids were also found from Cape Mala Pascua to El Fraile Point, Venezuela, in shallow ($ 35-40 m depth) waters in an exhalative system connected to ultramafic rocks via a transform fault zone (Kimberley, 1994). Iron-and silica-bearing ooids also occur in the bottom sediments of Lake Chad, West Africa, off the Chari Delta (Lemoalle and Dupont, 1973).…”
Section: Perspective From the Modern Iron Cyclementioning
confidence: 94%
“…In addition, iron ooids and pisoids composed of iron oxyhydroxides admixed with amorphous silica, with volcanic rock fragments in the center, have been described by Heikoop et al (1996) from offshore Mahengetang, Indonesia, in the photic zone; these could be modern analogues of GIF. Ironsilicate ooids and peloids were also found from Cape Mala Pascua to El Fraile Point, Venezuela, in shallow ($ 35-40 m depth) waters in an exhalative system connected to ultramafic rocks via a transform fault zone (Kimberley, 1994). Iron-and silica-bearing ooids also occur in the bottom sediments of Lake Chad, West Africa, off the Chari Delta (Lemoalle and Dupont, 1973).…”
Section: Perspective From the Modern Iron Cyclementioning
confidence: 94%
“…Presentday iron-ooid-forming environments are extremely rare, with only two case studies known. Modern chamositic ooids have been reported from shelf mud sediments off Cape Mala Pasqua, Venezuela (Kimberley 1994). Primary limonitic ooids have been discovered offshore the volcanic island Mahengetang, Indonesia (Heikoop et al 1996).…”
Section: Descriptionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hy poth e ses con cern ing the gen e sis of berthierine are based on the source of iron. The po ten tial sources for the iron might be: weath er ing (see Young and Tay lor, 1989), vol ca nism (Dreesen, 1989;Kimberley, 1994;Sturesson et al, 2000;García-Frank et al, 2012) or hy dro ther mal pro cesses (Rivas-Sanchez et al, 2006). Some au thors think that berthierine is an early diagenetic min eral (e.g., Young, 1989;Tay lor and Curtis, 1995), and oth ers sug gest that one model of berthierine for ma tion does not nec es sar ily ex clude the other (e.g., Young, 1989;Reolid et al, 2008).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%