Debye sheath mechanism at laser plasma interaction and generalization to nuclear forces and quark-gluon plasma

Abstract

The studies of laser ablation have lead to a new theory of nuclei, endothermic nuclei generation, and quark-gluon plasmas. The surface of ablated plasma expanding into vacuum after high power laser irradiation of targets contains an electric double layer having the thickness of the Debye length. This led to the discovery of surface tension in plasmas, and led to the internal dynamic electric fields in all inhomogeneous plasmas. The surface tension causes stabilization by short length surface wave smoothing the expanding plasma plume and to stabilization against the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Generalizing this to the degenerate electrons in a metal with the Fermi energy instead of the temperature resulted in the first quantum theory of surface tension of metals in agreement with measurements. Taking the Fermi energy in the Debye length for nucleons results in a theory of nuclei with stable confinement of protons and neutrons just at the well-known nuclear density, and the Debye lengths equal to the Hofstadter decay of the nuclear surface. Increasing the nuclear density by a factor of 10 leads to a change of the Fermi energy into its relativistic branch where no surface energy is possible and the particle mass is not defined, permitting the quark gluon plasma. Expansion of this higher density at the big bang or in super-nova results in nucleation and element generation. The Boltzmann equilibrium permits the synthesis of nuclei even in the endothermic range, however with the limit to about uranium. A relation for the magic numbers leads to a quark structure of nuclear shells that can be understood as a duality property of nuclei with respect to nucleons and quarks

From laser produced Debye layers in plasma to a theory of nuclear forces and quark-gluon plasmas

“…is equal to one. This is the case close to the well known value of the nuclear density as checked for example, for bismuth~Hora, 1991a; Osman et al, 2005!. The surface "Debye"-layer has a thickness of about 2 to 3 fm, with these not empirically derived parameters close to~5b!…”

“…in Section 3. It is understood that this first semi-empirical step is now explained as a first basis for the following second step which considerations Hora, 2004Osman et al, 2005! have to be included in the following.…”

“…Comparison with the cosmic element distribution and that of laboratory experiments leads to an exponential increment which immediately explains the jump between the two Bagge series~Bagge, 1948;Haxel et al, 1950! for the magic numbers of nuclei as it was described beforẽ Osman et al, 2005!. The nuclear Debye layer may be considered also as an expression of the inhomogeneous wave state for the nucleons in analogy to the optical waves in the thinner medium at total reflection. This aspect was raised for the optical case by the first measurement of the temporal Goos-Haenchen effect~Chauvat et al, 2005!. It is shown here for the first time that the nuclei undergo particle scattering at the nuclear surface where the state of the inhomogeneous wave is given by the Wigner~1955!…”

Difference between relativistic petawatt-picosecond laser-plasma interaction and subrelativistic plasma-block generation

“…An alternative was opened since the discovery of the laser to be used for driving fusion reactions. Fusion neutrons were measured since 1968-1969~H ora, 1991 Miley et al, 2005;Osman et al, 2005!. Facilities like NIF or LMJ need an enormous reduction in size, costs, and improvement e.g., in laser pulse repetition, but basically there may not be a physics limit for such developments.…”

“…Generalizing this to the hadrons of nuclei, results in a theory of the forces, confining a nucleus at the well known diameters, and the transition into quark-gluon plasmas~Hora et al, 2005!. This affinity to the TNSA model is the reason why these questions were discussed in this connectioñ Osman et al, 2005!. …”