Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, Alaska: 1976–2008

Quinn, Patricia K.; Bates, T. S.; Schulz, K.; Shaw, Glenn E.

doi:10.5194/acp-9-8883-2009

Cited by 111 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Results show approximately uniform non-sea-salt sulfate concentrations for samples in the Labrador Sea and further north (130 ± 21 ng m −3 ). Sulfate concentrations, especially nonsea-salt sulfate, in this research were found to be higher than previous Arctic studies above the ocean during fall (2007)(2008) (Rempillo et al, 2011) and at higher latitudes at Alert in summer (1993)(1994) (Norman et al, 1999) and about the same as at Barrow, Alaska during July (1997-2008) (Quinn et al, 2009). One reason could be higher biological activity and biogenic aerosols from phytoplankton during summer, as addressed in the next section.…”

Section: Non-sea-salt Sulfatecontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…However, modeling results from Browse et al (2014) suggest that increased DMS emissions during summertime will not cause a strong climate feedback due to the efficient removal processes for aerosol particles. Such results are highly dependent on aerosol size distributions, which are relatively unconstrained particularly with respect to DMS oxidation (Bigg and Leck, 2001;Matrai et al, 2008;Quinn et al, 2009;Leaitch et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt sulfate size-segregated aerosols in the Arctic summer

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Size-segregated aerosol sulfate concentrations were measured on board the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Amundsen in the Arctic during July 2014. The objective of this study was to utilize the isotopic composition of sulfate to address the contribution of anthropogenic and biogenic sources of aerosols to the growth of the different aerosol size fractions in the Arctic atmosphere. Non-seasalt sulfate is divided into biogenic and anthropogenic sulfate using stable isotope apportionment techniques. A considerable amount of the average sulfate concentration in the fine aerosols with a diameter < 0.49 µm was from biogenic sources (> 63 %), which is higher than in previous Arctic studies measuring above the ocean during fall (< 15 %) (Rempillo et al., 2011) and total aerosol sulfate at higher latitudes at Alert in summer (> 30 %) (Norman et al., 1999). The anthropogenic sulfate concentration was less than that of biogenic sulfate, with potential sources being long-range transport and, more locally, the Amundsen's emissions. Despite attempts to minimize the influence of ship stack emissions, evidence from larger-sized particles demonstrates a contribution from local pollution.A comparison of δ 34 S values for SO 2 and fine aerosols was used to show that gas-to-particle conversion likely occurred during most sampling periods. δ 34 S values for SO 2 and fine aerosols were similar, suggesting the same source for SO 2 and aerosol sulfate, except for two samples with a relatively high anthropogenic fraction in particles < 0.49 µm in diameter (15)(16)(17). The high biogenic fraction of sulfate fine aerosol and similar isotope ratio values of these particles and SO 2 emphasize the role of marine organisms (e.g., phytoplankton, algae, bacteria) in the formation of fine particles above the Arctic Ocean during the productive summer months.

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Section: Non-sea-salt Sulfatecontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt sulfate size-segregated aerosols in the Arctic summer

et al. 2016

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“…Ground-based measurements of sulfate aerosol concentrations in March/April have decreased by 27-63 % between 1990 and 2003 across a range of Arctic sites, and appear to have leveled off (Quinn et al, 2007). This negative trend has been attributed to the decrease in anthropogenic emissions from Eurasia (Quinn et al, 2009;Gong et al, 2010); Hirdman et al, 2010). Recent modeling studies show that despite declining emissions, Europe and Russia continue to constitute the largest contributors of Arctic sulfate and black carbon (BC) aerosols at the surface (Shindell et al, 2008) due to their vicinity and favorable transport patterns to the Arctic (Stohl, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Arctic aerosols observed by the CALIOP satellite instrument (2006–2012)

et al. 2013

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We use retrievals of aerosol extinction from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard the CALIPSO satellite to examine the vertical, horizontal and temporal variability of tropospheric Arctic aerosols during the period 2006–2012. We develop an empirical method that takes into account the difference in sensitivity between daytime and nighttime retrievals over the Arctic. Comparisons of the retrieved aerosol extinction to in situ measurements at Barrow (Alaska) and Alert (Canada) show that CALIOP reproduces the observed seasonal cycle and magnitude of surface aerosols to within 25 %. In the free troposphere, we find that daytime CALIOP retrievals will only detect the strongest aerosol haze events, as demonstrated by a comparison to aircraft measurements obtained during NASA's ARCTAS mission during April 2008. This leads to a systematic underestimate of the column aerosol optical depth by a factor of 2–10. However, when the CALIOP sensitivity threshold is applied to aircraft observations, we find that CALIOP reproduces in situ observations to within 20% and captures the vertical profile of extinction over the Alaskan Arctic. Comparisons with the ground-based high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) at Eureka, Canada, show that CALIOP and HSRL capture the evolution of the aerosol backscatter vertical distribution from winter to spring, but a quantitative comparison is inconclusive as the retrieved HSRL backscatter appears to overestimate in situ observations by a factor of 2 at all altitudes. In the High Arctic (>70° N) near the surface (<2 km), CALIOP aerosol extinctions reach a maximum in December–March (10–20 Mm⁻¹), followed by a sharp decline and a minimum in May–September (1–4 Mm⁻¹), thus providing the first pan-Arctic view of Arctic haze seasonality. The European and Asian Arctic sectors display the highest wintertime extinctions, while the Atlantic sector is the cleanest. Over the Low Arctic (60–70° N) near the surface, CALIOP extinctions reach a maximum over land in summer due to boreal forest fires. During summer, we find that smoke aerosols reach higher altitudes (up to 4 km) over eastern Siberia and North America than over northern Eurasia, where they remain mostly confined below 2 km. In the free troposphere, the extinction maximum over the Arctic occurs in March–April at 2–5 km altitude and April–May at 5–8 km. This is consistent with transport from the midlatitudes associated with the annual maximum in cyclonic activity and blocking patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. A strong gradient in aerosol extinction is observed between 60° N and 70° N in the summer. This is likely due to efficient stratocumulus wet scavenging at high latitudes combined with the poleward retreat of the polar front. Interannual variability in the middle and upper troposphere is associated with biomass burning events (high extinctions observed by CALIOP in spring 2008 and summer 2010) and volcanic eruptions (Kasatochi in August 2008 and Sarychev in June 2009). CALIOP displays below-a...

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“…DMS is a gas of phytoplankton origin, and its production and breakdown in the water column must be regarded as a result of complex physiological and ecological interactions, as demonstrated in Leck et al (1990). Its concentration in water and air has a high seasonal variability, peaking during the summer months as a result of heightened biological productivity, with the highest concentrations being found in open water at the ice margin (Leck and Persson, 1996a, b (12 % and 8 % yr −1 , respectively) has already been measured, based on an analysis of 1976-2008 data from Barrow, Alaska (Quinn et al, 2009).…”

Section: P Kupiszewski Et Al: Vertical Profiling Of Aerosol Particlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Unique measurements of vertical size-resolved aerosol particle concentrations, trace gas concentrations and meteorological data were obtained during the Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study (ASCOS, www.ascos.se), an International Polar Year project aimed at establishing the processes responsible for formation and evolution of low-level clouds over the high Arctic summer pack ice. The experiment was conducted from on board the Swedish icebreaker Oden, and provided both ship-and helicopter-based measurements. This study focuses on the vertical helicopter profiles and onboard measurements obtained during a three-week period when Oden was anchored to a drifting ice floe, and sheds light on the characteristics of Arctic aerosol particles and their distribution throughout the lower atmosphere. Distinct differences in aerosol particle characteristics within defined atmospheric layers are identified. Within the lowermost couple hundred metres, transport from the marginal ice zone (MIZ), condensational growth and cloud processing develop the aerosol population. During two of the four representative periods defined in this study, such influence is shown. At altitudes above about 1 km, long-range transport occurs frequently. However, only infrequently does large-scale subsidence descend such air masses to become entrained into the mixed layer in the high Arctic, and therefore long-range transport plumes are unlikely to directly influence low-level stratiform cloud formation. Nonetheless, such plumes can influence the radiative balance of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) by influencing formation and evolution of higher clouds, as well as through precipitation transport of particles downwards. New particle formation was occasionally observed, particularly in the near-surface layer. We hypothesize that the origin of these ultrafine particles could be in biological processes, both primary and secondary, within the open leads between the pack ice and/or along the MIZ. In general, local sources, in combination with upstream boundary-layer transport of precursor gases from the MIZ, are considered to constitute the origin of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) particles and thus be of importance for the formation of interior Arctic low-level clouds during summer, and subsequently, through cloud influences, for the melting and freezing of sea ice.

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Decadal trends in aerosol chemical composition at Barrow, Alaska: 1976–2008

Cited by 111 publications

References 34 publications

Biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt sulfate size-segregated aerosols in the Arctic summer

Biogenic, anthropogenic and sea salt sulfate size-segregated aerosols in the Arctic summer

Spatial and seasonal distribution of Arctic aerosols observed by the CALIOP satellite instrument (2006–2012)

Vertical profiling of aerosol particles and trace gases over the central Arctic Ocean during summer

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