Decellularized Porcine Epiphyseal Plate-Derived Extracellular Matrix Powder: Synthesis and Characterization

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop a porcine epiphyseal plate-derived extracellular matrix powder (PEPEP) for epiphyseal plate regeneration. PEPEP was characterized by chemical assay to determine the contents of DNA and epiphyseal plate complex chemical components (glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline). The effects of PEPEP on the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were also evaluated. hBMSCs cultured in PEPEP exhibited a good distribution with excellent viability after 72 h, demonstrating the ability of PEPEP to support hBMSC proliferation. At week 4 and 6 in vitro, the PEPEP + hBMSCs structure showed chondrogenic ability and an increase in expression of collagen type I, type II, and type X. PEPEP showed a promising ability to enhance cartilage formation and promote chondrocyte differentiation, maturation, and hypertrophy. The results provide insights into the feasibility of PEPEP as a potential material for tissue engineering applications.

Advances Focusing on the Application of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix in Periodontal Regeneration

“…Moreover, decellularized membrane sheets combined with cytokines or new materials to achieve better tissue regeneration effects have been used in many tissue regeneration processes, such as dental tissue regeneration [ 7 ], bone regeneration [ 8 ], vascular reconstruction [ 9 ], nerve regeneration [ 10 ], and corneal regeneration [ 11 ]. Specifically, the common C-dECM sources for periodontal regeneration are the periodontal ligament stem cell sheet (PDLSC sheet) [ 12 ], the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell sheet (BMSC sheet) [ 6 ], the human urogenic mesenchymal stem cell sheet (hUMSC sheet), and others such as dental folicle stem cells and L929 sheet-derived dECM can also be considered.…”

“…In in vitro studies, dECM powder can very effectively promote cell attachment and proliferation [ 13 ]. Thus, human dECM powder can be used as efficient injection biomaterials for tissue engineering with great potential in addressing the clinical challenges of periodontal regenerative medicine [ 8 , 70 , 71 ]. In addition, decellularized bone powder, as a commonly used periodontal tissue engineering material, is another form of clinical application of dECM granules, which are often combined with hydrogel and a guiding tissue regeneration membrane to promote periodontal regeneration [ 50 , 71 , 72 ].…”

Decellularized Tissues for Wound Healing: Towards Closing the Gap Between Scaffold Design and Effective Extracellular Matrix Remodeling

“…ECM decellularization techniques are proving increasingly effective for the development of materials that can provide the biological stimuli present in the natural cell microenvironment, without the undesired risks associated with the use of xenogeneic or allogenic tissues. In this sense, the fabrication of tissue-specific scaffolds with biochemical and mechanical properties that more closely resemble the complexity of the native ECM has been one of the main research areas of focus (Storstein, 1989;Morris et al, 2018;Zahiri et al, 2018;Dongen et al, 2019;Ahmed et al, 2020;Hoang Thi et al, 2020;Park et al, 2020;Ventura et al, 2020;Liguori et al, 2021). Moreover, as the need to implement advanced manufacturing approaches such as 3D printing progressively becomes more compelling, enormous research efforts are being made to incorporate dECM into the design of functional bioinks to produce therapeutic alternatives for customized tissue regeneration applications.…”

A Comparison of the Capacity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cartilage Regeneration Depending on Collagen-Based Injectable Biomimetic Scaffold Type

“…For delivery and containment of the MSCs at the site of a cartilage defect, as well as in order to ensure vital activities of the cells over the time sufficient to trigger cartilage tissue repair processes, bioresorbable carriers (scaffolds or matrices) are used [ 8 ], which are mainly based on collagen [ 9 ]. Two types of collagen-based carriers, ECM biomimetics, are known that are suitable for minimally invasive intra-articular administration: a hydrogel scaffold derived from ECM components [ 10 ] and a finely dispersed scaffold of decellularized ECM [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The purpose of this work was to compare the effects of two types of microdispersed matrices on chondrogenic differentiation of the MSCs of human adipose tissue in vitro and on the processes of articular cartilage regeneration in an experimental model of rabbit knee osteoarthrosis (OA).…”