Decentralizing Solutions For Rural Water Supply Under Climate Impacts In Sub-Saharan Africa

Nkem, Johnson; Munang, Richard; Jallow, Bubu P.

doi:10.1080/00139157.2011.554498

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the threat facing water resources have impacts whether indirectly or directly on health, food production, ecosystems, and conflict occurrence [19]. Several studies showed that food production in SSA will be adversely affected as a result of water scarcity [20].…”

Section: Water Security In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The final values of water security over time in the ONSB were obtained through the transformation of original synthetic values of water security. The transformation was done using the following equation, Equation (19), (with the overall result depicted in Table 5). As shown in Table 5, the water security level assessment revealed an overall insecurity in the ONSB.…”

Section: Sub-systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining Water Security in the Challenging Environment in Togo, West Africa

Yomo

Mourad

Gnazou

2019

Water

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Water shortages across the globe have increased due to climate change among other factors with negative impacts expected at the river basin level. Anticipating these impacts will help experts act in a timely manner to avoid a future water crisis. As part of addressing the future water shortage impacts on the Togolese community, this paper assessed water security in the context of the global environmental change in the Oti River Basin taking Oti Nord sub-basin (ONSB) as a case study. Key informants' interviews were done with staff from governmental institutions, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), community-based organizations, and private operators. The Improved Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model (IFCEM) was used for assessing water security (WS). A basin level WS evaluation system including five subcomponents (external environment security, water resources security, water-society security, water economic security, and water-environment security) and 23 indicators related to climate, socio-economy, water availability, and consumption were constructed. The results showed that the water level is very insecure in the sub-basin for the assessed years (2010, 2015, and 2025) with the year 2025 being the worst (expected a decrease of water security by 20% and 1% in 2025 compared to the years 2015 and 2010, respectively). This insecurity is found to be the result of many factors including technical, institutional, juridical, environmental, socio-cultural, hydrogeological, and demographical factors. However, managerial factors such as institutional instability, the inadequacies in water and related sector evolution, and the absence of de-centralized water management structures, the non-operationalization of management organs/financial instruments, and culture (i.e., taboos and bylaws) are found to be key to the study area. The paper concluded that the operationalization of management organs/financial instruments may enable the application of adopted water policies and regulations, which may lead to a sound and coordinated management of the available water resources since this will enable the government's self-investment in clean water provision, data acquisition (potential water available and the estimation of economic driven potential water needs, which are key for any sound development), and a stimulated joined effort from the existing institutions. In addition, the establishment of a sound waste management system and awareness raising, and educative activities regarding water pollution will be of great benefit for this cause.

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Section: Water Security In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sub-systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining Water Security in the Challenging Environment in Togo, West Africa

Yomo

Mourad

Gnazou

2019

Water

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“…Fundamental to all these, across all sections of human society, is the need for a collective, equitable response that works towards the shared goals of sustainability and security. Such a response will require an elemental shift in societal attitudes towards the importance of our environment and its role in sustaining life which can then translate to changed behaviors [35].…”

Section: People In the Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

Ecosystem Management: Tomorrow’s Approach to Enhancing Food Security under a Changing Climate

2011

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This paper argues that a sustainable ecosystem management approach is vital to ensure the delivery of essential ‗life support' ecosystem services and must be mainstreamed into societal conscience, political thinking and economic processes. Feeding the world at a time of climate change, environmental degradation, increasing human population and demand for finite resources requires sustainable ecosystem management and equitable governance. Ecosystem degradation undermines food production and the availability of clean water, hence threatening human health, livelihoods and ultimately societal stability. Degradation also increases the vulnerability of populations to the consequences of natural disasters and climate change impacts. With 10 million people dying from hunger each year, the linkages between ecosystems and food security are important to recognize. Though we all depend on ecosystems for our food and water, about seventy per cent of the estimated 1.1 billion people in poverty around the world live in rural areas and depend directly on the productivity of ecosystems for their livelihoods. Healthy ecosystems provide a diverse range of food sources and support entire agricultural systems, but their value to food security and sustainable livelihoods are often undervalued or ignored. There is an urgent need for increased financial investment for integrating ecosystem management with food security and poverty alleviation priorities. As the world's leaders worked towards a new international climate change agenda in Cancun, Mexico, 29 November-10 December 2010 (UNFCCC COP16), it was clear that without a deep and decisive post-2012 agreement and major concerted effort to reduce the food crisis, OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2011, 3 938 the Millennium Development Goals will not be attained. Political commitment at the highest level will be needed to raise the profile of ecosystems on the global food agenda. It is recommended that full recognition and promotion be given of the linkages between healthy, protected ecosystems and global food security; that sufficient resources be allocated for improved ecosystem valuation, protection, management and restoration; and that ecosystem management be integrated in climate change and food security portfolios. We will not be able to feed the world and eradicate extreme poverty, if we do not protect our valuable ecosystems and biodiversity.

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“…Despite such an ambitious set of global goals, recorded progress, however, is slower than needed to meet these targets by 2030 (UN, 2017). To make matters worse, shortages in water supply, uncertain changes in replenishment rates for both surface and groundwater, and deterioration of quality with the potential to reduce both usability and health safety waterrelated issues are expected to soar in sub-Saharan Africa (Nkem et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, it should be noted that Africa"s demand and supply chains for fresh water are changing exponentially despite huge investments in water infrastructures (Nkem et al, 2011). Great efforts to improve access to water during the Millennium Development Goals" (MDG) mandate were oriented towards attaining coverage which resulted in a claim that 91% of the population worldwide in 2015 had access to improved water sources (UN, 2015b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rural households access to water resources under climate impacts based on field evidence in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Fagan¹,

Etongo²,

Zerihun³

et al. 2019

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The climatic condition in Ethiopia is semi-arid and this has implications especially for rural communities in the country that are largely dependent on surface water. In water scarce areas across four districts in the Tigray region, a survey of 595 households was carried out, and two shared dialogue workshops was held. In this study, the following issues were examined: (i) Access to water in relation to sources, distances covered, gender and time taken; (ii) Local perceptions on current (2014-2017) and future (2018-2021) access to water, and (iii) The types of water conflicts encountered and their causes. Results indicate 50.8% of the surveyed households collected water from dugout ponds and 24% from rivers. Chi-square test showed a statistical significance at the 1 and 5% level, respectively for distance covered and time taken to water sources. Although gender was not significant statistically, females (N=440) were more involved than males (N=155) in fetching water. Immediate problems arise for householders and specifically women and girls that travelled more than 2 km to collect water. Climate change was mentioned as the key driver that reduced access to water resources whereas tanks with water brought in truck by the government was reported as reason for current increase in access to water. However, future access to water was perceived as unpredictable due to the impacts of climate change. At least 40% of households reported that a member had encountered conflict while accessing water, conflict that manifested itself as verbal accusation and physical fighting. The majority of such instances of conflict resulted from water shortage, followed by pollution from livestock droppings. Project interventions that promote watershed rehabilitation through different ecosystem-based adaptation approaches should be supported locally to restore nearby degraded water sources while improving the functionality of boreholes and existing taps to ensure access and sustainability of water infrastructures.

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Decentralizing Solutions For Rural Water Supply Under Climate Impacts In Sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Examining Water Security in the Challenging Environment in Togo, West Africa

Examining Water Security in the Challenging Environment in Togo, West Africa

Ecosystem Management: Tomorrow’s Approach to Enhancing Food Security under a Changing Climate

Rural households access to water resources under climate impacts based on field evidence in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

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