Declining Wild Salmon Populations in Relation to Parasites from Farm Salmon

Krkošek, Martin; Ford, Jennifer S.; Morton, Alexandra; Lele, Subhash R.; Myers, Ransom A.; Lewis, Mark A.

doi:10.1126/science.1148744

Cited by 327 publications

(362 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For instance, concerns are frequently raised about the impact of salmon rearing on wild fish populations and the surrounding ecosystems. The ectoparasitic copepods commonly referred to as salmon lice (or sea lice) have been identified as an immediate aquaculture-related threat to wild stocks (Krkošek et al 2007). It is therefore of interest to investigate whether increased melanism in salmon is associated with reduced ectoparasite prevalence and fecundity, as has already been reported in birds (Roulin et al 2003(Roulin et al , 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanin-based skin spots reflect stress responsiveness in salmonid fish

Kittilsen

Schjolden

Beitnes-Johansen

et al. 2009

Hormones and Behavior

134

122

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This version available http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/7671/ NERC has developed NORA to enable users to access research outputs wholly or partially funded by NERC. Copyright and other rights for material on this site are retained by the authors and/or other rights owners. Users should read the terms and conditions of use of this material at http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/policies.html#access This document is the author's final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this and the publisher's version remain. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from this article. www.elsevier.comContact CEH NORA team at nora@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trade marks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Wilson et al. 1994;Réale et al. 2007). Notwithstanding a certain lack of consensus in terminology, the evolution of these analogues of human personality has evoked considerable scientific interest. Among the questions raised are by which mechanisms behavioural syndromes are inherited, how the variation is maintained, which circumstances benefit different complex phenotypes, and what are the costs and benefits of limited plasticity imposed by more or less fixed trait associations (DeWitt et al. 1998;Koolhaas et al. 1999;Sih et al. 2004; Dingemanse and Réale 2005;McElreath et al. 2007;Réale et al. 2007;Wolf et al. 2007). Furthermore, in the barn owl (Tyto Alba) melanin-based colouration is associated with several behavioural, morphological and physiological characteristics that have been linked to stress coping ability (Almasi et al. 2008).Based on observations that HR and LR trout differed in melanin pigmentation our hypothesis was that spotted fish, in the closely related specie Atlantic salmon (Salmo Salar), 5 would show a lower cortisol reponse to stress when compared to a non-spotted group of individuals. Furthermore, several documented changes in the behaviour of the two trout lines made us predict that also behaviour would differ between groups of spotted and non-spotted fish. The main focus of this study was therefore to test the hypothesis that there exist an association between melanin-based pigmentation and hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPIaxis) reactivity in salmonid fish. Furthermore, we tested the prediction that behavioural differences are present in two groups of fish chosen divergently on melanin pigmentation. Materials and methods Quantification of melanin-based colorationIn the studies described below, photographs of experimental fish were captured with a Canon EOS 450D digital camera and transferred to a computer for further analyses of melanin-based coloration. Prior to photography, each fish were sedated in 200 mg/l MS-222 and placed adjacent to a measuring tape with millimetre resolution, allowing for an accurate estimation of the area where spots were counted. The d...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanin-based skin spots reflect stress responsiveness in salmonid fish

Kittilsen

Schjolden

Beitnes-Johansen

et al. 2009

Hormones and Behavior

134

122

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“…are external parasites responsible for multi-million dollar losses in the salmon industry worldwide (Costello 2009a), and for some of the major ecological impacts associated with marine aquaculture (Krkošek et al 2007, Costello 2009b, Torrissen et al 2013. Sea lice have a multiple-stage life cycle which includes free-swimming larvae and attached moult stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High host densities dilute sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis loads on individual Atlantic salmon, but do not reduce lice infection success

Samsing¹,

Oppedal²,

Johansson³

et al. 2014

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…The parasitic sea louse Lepeophteirus salmonis (Krøyer) has been reported to cause increased cortisol levels, alterations in physiological homeostasis, osmotic imbalance and mortality in salmonids (Grimnes & Jakobsen 1996;Bjorn et al 2001;Heuch et al 2005;Sivertsgard et al 2007) and salmon farms are assumed to be among the main causes of mortality in juvenile wild salmonids, constituting a contributing factor to decreasing stocks of wild fish (Bjorn et al 2001;Krkosek et al 2007;Costello 2009). The high concentration of potential hosts for lice in sea pens has been a problem since the onset of the salmon farming industry in the 1970s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%