Decoding the Neuroprotective Potential of Methyl Gallate-Loaded Starch Nanoparticles against Beta Amyloid-Induced Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifaceted neuronal disorder and a challenge to medical practitioners, as the blood–brain barrier (BBB) acts as a major obstacle for drug delivery to the brain. Development of a nanomaterial-based drug delivery system (DDS) paved a way to penetrate the BBB. Starch, a ubiquitous natural biopolymer, has received much attention as a DDS due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability and eco-friendly nature. The present study focuses on encapsulating methyl gallate (MG) within starch nanoparticles (starch-encapsulated MG (SEMG)) and assesses its neuroprotective potential against β-amyloid (Aβ)-induced toxicity, the key factor for AD pathogenesis in Neuro2A cells. SEMG showed potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antioxidant activity and anti-amyloidogenic activity by attenuating the fibrillation of Aβ and destabilizing the preformed mature fibrils. Furthermore, SEMG also attenuated the cytotoxic effect induced by Aβ in Neuro2A cells (50% inhibitory concentration 18.25 ± 0.025 μg/mL) by mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated macromolecular damage, restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and attenuating apoptosis. Characterization of SEMG revealed amorphous rock-shaped structure with average particle size of 264.6 nm, exhibiting 83% loading efficiency and sustained release of drug, with 73% release within 24 h at physiological pH. Overall, the outcome of the present study signifies starch as a promising nanocarrier for the delivery of drugs for the treatment of AD.

Polyphenolics with Strong Antioxidant Activity from Acacia nilotica Ameliorate Some Biochemical Signs of Arsenic-Induced Neurotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Mice

“…Catechin is a flavonoid antioxidant isolated from tea and coffee as the major constituent that have neuroprotective potential in oxidative stress mediated neurodegeneration in AD mouse model [ 57 ]. Methylgallate is another phenolic compound present in food with antioxidant and neuroprotective potential [ 58 ]. Kalaniva et al [ 32 ] isolated ethylgallate from this plant that showed multiple biological activities including antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.…”

Synthesis of Crosslinked Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose with Methyl Gallate‐Poly(Ethylene Glycol) as a Gel Electrolyte for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

“…In the presence of PEG‐400, MG may convert to 7‐OH deprotonated MG and quinoid MG, hence it results in four absorption peaks at 208, 265, 275, and 320 nm. [ 34–37 ] Then, blending different ratios of the above compound with HPMC results in MG‐HPMC polymer hybrids that show two absorption peaks one at 219 nm (belong to HPMC) and the other is noticed as a very broad peak starting from 240 to 360 nm, illustrating crosslinking occurs between the compounds. Upon addition of liquid electrolyte to the MG‐HPMC polymer hybrids, may lead to form 7‐OH protonated MG, and in addition, crosslinking interaction takes place between iodine/iodide hence it shows four absorption peaks one at 219 nm (belong to HPMC), 255 nm (belong to crosslinking interaction between MG and HPMC), 291, and 360 nm (belongs to σ→σ∗ and π→σ∗ transitions).…”

Synthesis and Biological Activity Screening of Newly Synthesized Trimethoxyphenyl-Based Analogues as Potential Anticancer Agents

“…Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) plays a vital role in the initiation of the apoptosis process [ 28 ]. Loss of MMP is characteristic of an early stage of apoptosis [ 29 ]. In the current study, HepG2 cells were treated with compound 9 at a concentration level equal to its IC 50 concentration (1.38 μM), and MMP was determined using FACS analysis.…”