Decomposing card-sorting performance: Effects of working memory load and age-related changes.

Lange, Florian; Kröger, Birte; Steinke, Alexander; Seer, Caroline; Dengler, Reinhard; Kopp, Bruno

doi:10.1037/neu0000271

Cited by 38 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…A computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Barceló 2003;Lange et al 2015Lange et al , 2016a was used. Participants were instructed to match a stimulus card to one of four key cards on each trial.…”

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, setloss errors were analyzed. These errors occur on trials following a positive feedback when the rule has not changed (Lange et al 2016a). Note that this definition differs from the one of Lange et al (2016b), as they counted set-loss errors exclusively on the first trial after the correct rule has been identified or the last trial before the rule changes.…”

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Note that this definition differs from the one of Lange et al (2016b), as they counted set-loss errors exclusively on the first trial after the correct rule has been identified or the last trial before the rule changes. In this study, set-loss errors included all trials following a positive feedback before the rule shifts (Lange et al 2016a). Furthermore, integration errors were analyzed.…”

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Standard measures in the literature are perseverative errors (i.e., a failure to shift away from a rule that was previously correct but is no longer correct) and set-loss errors (i.e., a failure to maintain a correct rule). In a recent study, integration errors have been proposed as an additional error measure that can provide incremental information about participants' WCST performance (Lange et al 2016a). Figure 1 gives a trial-by-trial example of the WCST and the operational definition of perseverative errors, integration errors, and set-loss errors (for further information about the WCST, see Bishara et al 2010;Eling et al 2008;Nyhus and Barceló 2009).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our study is based on the model that was proposed by Bishara et al (2010). (Barceló 2003;Kopp and Lange 2013;Lange et al 2016a;Lange et al 2015;Lange et al 2016b). On trial t, a participant sorts the stimulus card by Bshape.^This is indicated by its position beneath the farleft reference card, which matches the stimulus card by showing triangular objects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Toward a computational cognitive neuropsychology of Wisconsin card sorts: a showcase study in Parkinson’s disease

et al. 2018

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The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is an instrument for the clinical assessment of executive functions. Computational modeling of latent cognitive processes offers a route toward improved interpretability of performance on neuropsychological tests. We implemented a computational model by Bishara et al. (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 54(1), 5-13, 2010) that allows for evaluating the role of feedback-based attentional learning. We investigated if the model differentiates between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients on and off dopaminergic medication. We reanalyzed data from 32 patients with idiopathic PD and 35 matched healthy controls, which completed a computerized version of the WCST. The PD sample was divided into patients tested on (n = 18) and off (n = 14) dopaminergic medication. Model performance was assessed via posterior probabilities and simulations of WCST error scores. Individual model parameters were used for group comparisons. The best performing model configuration showed a single learning rate parameter for positive and negative feedback and recovered the observed WCST perseveration error and set-loss error rates. The occurrence of inference errors could not be accounted for by that model configuration. We did not observe evidence for differences in model parameters between the examined groups of individuals. Our results indicate that assuming distinct, feedback-specific learning processes are not superior to feedback-type unspecific processes in accounting for performance on the computerized WCST. Specifically, the studied model successfully accounted for some, but not all, aspects of test performance. The model parameters did not differentiate between PD patients on and off their dopaminergic medication, a finding that we discuss in the context of study design. (WCST;Berg 1948;Grant and Berg 1948;Heaton et al. 1993; Schretlen 2010) represents a standard tool for the neuropsychological assessment of executive functions (Diamond 2013;Miller and Cohen 2001). Performance on the WCST is sensitive to frontal lobe lesions (e.g., Alvarez and Emory 2006;Barceló and Knight 2002;Demakis 2003;Milner 1963) and to numerous neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD; e.g., Kudlicka et al. 2011;Dirnberger and Jahanshahi 2013) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (e.g., Lange et al. 2016c). However, the complexity of the WCST renders it difficult to infer which cognitive processes generate the observable behavior on the test. In this study, we apply computational modeling as a possible route toward a better interpretability of WCST performance.The WCST is considered as an assessment instrument for individual abilities in cognitive flexibility (Diamond 2013;Miller and Cohen 2001). Participants are instructed to sort a stimulus according to one of four key cards. Card sorts can accord to one of three viable rules that refer to the color, the shape, or the number of displayed objects. In order to figure out the prevailing rule, the participant has to follow the examiners feedback, as shown...

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Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Task and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a computational cognitive neuropsychology of Wisconsin card sorts: a showcase study in Parkinson’s disease

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Cognitive Flexibility and Pro–Environmental Behaviour: A Multimethod Approach

Lange

Dewitte

2019

Eur J Pers

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While cognitive flexibility has been hypothesized to relate to adaptive, long‐term‐oriented behaviour, empirical support for such a relationship is scarce. In the present article, we examine the role of cognitive flexibility as a correlate of long‐term‐oriented behaviour in the domain of environmental conservation. In a first study (N = 143), we explored potential associations between multiple self‐report scales and performance‐based measures of cognitive flexibility and pro‐environmental behaviour. Based on its results, we conducted a pre‐registered confirmatory study (N = 264) focusing on the most promising correlations found in our exploratory study. This study generated conclusive support for a positive medium‐sized correlation between cognitive flexibility and pro‐environmental behaviour. Exploratory hierarchical regression analyses further revealed that cognitive flexibility accounted for a small portion of variance in pro‐environmental behaviour above and beyond the Big Five. While appearing robust on the level of self‐reports, the relationship between cognitive flexibility and pro‐environmental behaviour did not reliably extend to the level of performance tasks, possibly because of their relatively specific scope. These results illustrate the contribution of cognitive flexibility to understanding individual differences in long‐term‐oriented, pro‐environmental behaviour. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Stimulus- and response-based interference contributes to the costs of switching between cognitive tasks

Kopp

Steinke

Meiran

et al. 2018

Psychological Research

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Decomposing card-sorting performance: Effects of working memory load and age-related changes.

Cited by 38 publications

References 52 publications

Toward a computational cognitive neuropsychology of Wisconsin card sorts: a showcase study in Parkinson’s disease

Toward a computational cognitive neuropsychology of Wisconsin card sorts: a showcase study in Parkinson’s disease

Cognitive Flexibility and Pro–Environmental Behaviour: A Multimethod Approach

Stimulus- and response-based interference contributes to the costs of switching between cognitive tasks

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