Decomposition of spodumene mineral in granitic rocks from South Kalimantan - Indonesia by potassium sulphate

Suharyanto, Ariyo; Lalasari, Latifa Hanum; Mubarok, Mohammad Zaki

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/541/1/012044

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Batuan mineral yang mengandung Lithium ditemukan dalam bentuk graphite, tanah laterit-saprolit, dan α-spodumen. Batuan ini ditemukan dibeberapa tempat mulai dari Sulawesi selatan [5], Sulawesi tengah [6], Kalimantan [8], dan Jawa tengah [7]. Lithium dalam konsentrasi yang tinggi sampai dengan 5% dan layak ditambang ditemukan diMekongga, Samaturu, Kolaka, sulawesi selatan dengan luas areal 11 Ha dan kedalaman sampai 13 meter.…”

Section: Sumber Daya Alam Lithium Dalam Bentuk Batuan Mineralunclassified

Sumberdaya Alam Lithium Indonesia

Salafudin

2021

jrh

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ABSTRAKLithium adalah salah satu mineral yang mempunyai permintaan yang paling tinggi dalam Revolusi Industri Keempat. Indonesia yang kekayaan alam nikelnya besar, ingin menjadi negara penghasil baterai. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan investigasi sumber bahan baku utama lainnya dalam produksi baterai. Sumber daya bahan baku utama baterai adalah Lithium. Penyelidikan litium sebagai sumber bahan baku di Indonesia telah dilakukan melalui tinjauan pustaka. Sumber daya alam litium ditemukan di air laut, Brine, mineral, dan tanah liat. Endapan yang mengandung Mineral Lithium terdapat di beberapa tempat di Indonesia dalam jumlah dan konsentrasi yang kecil. Sebagai negara yang dilalui cincin api, Indonesia memiliki banyak mata air panas dan Brine yang mengandung Lithium. Tanah liat yang mengandung litium ditemukan dalam bentuk slurry (brine dan lumpur tanah liat), seperti pada lumpur Bleduk Kuwu dan lumpur Sidoharjo. Bittern sebagai limbah industri garam memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber Lithium di IndonesiaKata kunci: Lithium, Sumber Air Panas, Brine, Clay, Bittern ABSTRACTLithium is one of most demanding minerals in The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Indonesia whose large Nickel natural resources, wants to become a battery producing country. Therefore an investigation of other main raw material sources in battery production is needed. The main raw material resource for batteries is Lithium. The investigation of lithium as raw material resource in Indonesia has been carried out through a literature review. Lithium natural resources are found in sea water, Brine, minerals, and clay. Mineral Lithium containing deposits are found in several places in Indonesia in small amounts and concentrations. As a country through which the ring of fire passes, Indonesia has a lot of hot spring water and Brine containing Lithium. Clay containing lithium is found in the form of slurry ( brine and clay mud), such as in the Bleduk Kuwu mud and the Sidoharjo mud. Bittern as a waste of salt industries has great potential to be developed as a source of Lithium in IndonesiaKeywords: Lithium, Hot Spring Water, Brine, Clay, Bittern

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Section: Sumber Daya Alam Lithium Dalam Bentuk Batuan Mineralunclassified

Sumberdaya Alam Lithium Indonesia

Salafudin

2021

jrh

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“…For spodumene, Hayes et al discussed the roasting of spodumene with gypsum and limestone at 1000–1150 °C for 2–3 h. Setoudeh et al , mainly focused on the effect of mechanical milling on the phase development during the roasting of spodumene–Na 2 SO 4 mixtures, where lithium was converted into water-soluble LiNaSO 4 . Moreover, previous researches have established the process conditions and the mechanism of the roasting of spodumene with K 2 SO 4 . − Zelikman et al reported that the roasting was carried out at 920–1150 °C in practice, where α-spodumene was converted into β-spodumene which entered the substitution reaction with K 2 SO 4 . A large excess of K 2 SO 4 was required to form lithium sulfate due to the reversible reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Preparation of Water-Soluble Lithium Salts from α-Spodumene by Roasting with Different Sulfates

Qiu

Sun

Zhu

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The conventional process of lithium extraction from α-spodumene requires high-temperature calcination to transform α-spodumene into β-spodumene, and concentrated acid roasting followed by water leaching. This study proposed the direct preparation of water-soluble lithium salts from α-spodumene by roasting with different sulfates to avoid the use of concentrated acid and simplify the process flow. In this study, the theoretical feasibilities of the roasting of α-LiAlSi2O6 with different sulfates to produce water-soluble lithium salts were first verified using HSC Chemistry 10. Then, the roasting of spodumene concentrate with CaSO4·2H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and Na2SO4 followed by water leaching was investigated to extract lithium from α-spodumene. The complete transformation from α-spodumene to γ- and β-spodumene without additives occurred at 1000 °C for 30 min. CaSO4·2H2O did not significantly promote the phase transformation or the reaction with α-spodumene. MgSO4·7H2O and Na2SO4 could react with α-spodumene to generate water-soluble Li2Mg2(SO4)3 and LiNaSO4, respectively, but the roasting results with Na2SO4 were better than MgSO4·7H2O. Here, 93.8% Li was converted into LiNaSO4 when roasting with Na2SO4 at 1000 °C for 60 min with an ore/Na2SO4 mass ratio of 1:0.7. Low-temperature roasting of the concentrate with Na2SO4 and CaO was proposed to produce LiNaSO4 at 850–875 °C for 60 min with ore/Na2SO4/CaO mass ratios of 1:0.7:(0.05 to 0.1), and the lithium extraction efficiencies were about 86%.

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“…Various researchers are exploring alternative processes to overcome the mentioned challenges in extraction of Li from minerals. , One of these is the use of potassium sulfate for reaction with α-spodumene at elevated temperature. , This process was first developed and patented by Wadman. , and it involves roasting α-spodumene with potassium sulfate, resulting in the formation of water-soluble lithium sulfate species and leucite (KAlSi 2 O 6 ) , (reaction ). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is claimed that heating of potassium sulfate close to its melting point leads to the exchange of potassium with lithium in the β-spodumene structure. , The large difference in the cation radius between lithium (0.78 Å) and potassium (1.33 Å) necessitates the process to be carried out at high temperature . Lower levels of impurities in the water leach liquor and the application of the main byproduct (leucite) as a slow release fertilizer warrant further investigation of the potassium sulfate process as an alternative to the conventional extraction of lithium from spodumene.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Step Reaction Mechanism of Roasting Spodumene with Potassium Sulfate

et al. 2021

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The conventional process of lithium extraction from α-spodumene (LiAlSi 2 O 6 ) is energy-intensive and associated with high byproduct management cost. Here, we investigate an alternative process route that uses potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ) to extract lithium while producing leucite (KAlSi 2 O 6 ), a slow release fertilizer. Presenting the first-ever in situ record of the reaction of α-spodumene with potassium sulfate, we use synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to document the reaction sequence during prograde heating. From 780 °C, we observe a broad endothermic DSC peak, abnormal expansion of the α-spodumene structure, and an increase in α-(Li, K)-spodumene peak intensity during heating with potassium sulfate, indicative of the exchange between lithium and potassium in the spodumene structure. When 11 ± 1% K occupancy in the M2 site of α-(Li, K)-spodumene is reached, the mechanism changes from ion exchange to a reconstructive transformation of α-(Li, K)-spodumene into leucite, evidenced by a decrease in α-spodumene and potassium sulfate abundance concurring with formation of leucite over a narrow temperature range between 850 and 890 °C. The increasing background intensity in synchrotron XRD above 870 °C suggests that a lithium sulfate-bearing melt starts to form once >90% of α-spodumene has been converted during the reaction. This fundamental understanding of the reaction between α-spodumene and potassium sulfate will enable future development of lithium extraction routes using additives to significantly decrease energy intensity and to produce marketable byproducts from α-spodumene.

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Decomposition of spodumene mineral in granitic rocks from South Kalimantan - Indonesia by potassium sulphate

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Sumberdaya Alam Lithium Indonesia

Sumberdaya Alam Lithium Indonesia

Direct Preparation of Water-Soluble Lithium Salts from α-Spodumene by Roasting with Different Sulfates

Two-Step Reaction Mechanism of Roasting Spodumene with Potassium Sulfate

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