Decomposition of Wood by Brown-Rot Fungi

Illman, Barbara L.; Highley, Terry L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5670-7_40

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Because hemicellulose sugars are degraded more rapidly than cellulose, the fungi can break down hemicellulose at an early stage of decomposition, and therefore the enzymes xylanase and β-mannanase are first produced (Illman and Highley 1989;Green and Highley 1997). Cellulase and polygalacturonase appeared later to digest cellulose and pectin, respectively when the xylanase and β-mannanase has declined.…”

Section: Pattern Of Substrate Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes?

et al. 2010

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The diversity of endophytic and saprobic fungi from Magnolia liliifera leaves were observed and analyzed to establish relationships. Nine endophytes were morphologically and phylogenetically similar to the saprobes; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum sp. 2, Corynespora cassiicola, Fusarium sp. 1, Guignardia mangiferae, Leptosphaeria sp., Phomopsis sp. 2, Phomopsis sp. 6, and Phomopsis sp. 10. The endophytes were found to produce the same degrading enzymes as their saprobic counterparts. The isoform of β-mannanase produced from each of endophyte and saprobe counterparts were similar. Fungal succession and enzyme production patterns during leaf decomposition were correlated. The occurrence of saprobes was found to be related to the enzymes that the fungi produce. The study provides further compelling evidence that endophytes can switch lifestyle to saprobes.

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Section: Pattern Of Substrate Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a decomposing substrate there is thus order to what compounds will be decomposed first. Decomposition begins with the simplest compounds and ends with the decomposition of the most complex; hemicellulose components are degraded first followed by cellulose and lignin (Illman and Highley 1989;Green and Highley 1997).…”

Section: Pattern Of Substrate Utilizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes?

et al. 2010

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“…In brown-rot fungi, polysaccharide degradation takes place through non-enzymatic processes, at least during the initial stages of degradation. Hydroxyl radicals generated through the Fenton reaction have been suggested to be the major agent in non-enzymatic degradation of polysaccharides by brown-rot species (Kirk & Highley, 1973; Illman, 1991). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of novel wood decay mechanisms in Agaricales revealed by the genome sequences of Fistulina hepatica and Cylindrobasidium torrendii

Floudas

Held

Riley

et al. 2015

Fungal Genetics and Biology

154

135

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Wood decay mechanisms in Agaricomycotina have been traditionally separated in two categories termed white and brown rot. Recently the accuracy of such a dichotomy has been questioned. Here, we present the genome sequences of the white rot fungus Cylindrobasidium torrendii and the brown rot fungus Fistulina hepatica both members of Agaricales, combining comparative genomics and wood decay experiments. Cylindrobasidium torrendii is closely related to the white-rot root pathogen Armillaria mellea, while F. hepatica is related to Schizophyllum commune, which has been reported to cause white rot. Our results suggest that C. torrendii and S. commune are intermediate between white-rot and brown-rot fungi, but at the same time they show characteristics of decay that resembles soft rot. Both species cause weak wood decay and degrade all wood components but leave the middle lamella intact. Their gene content related to lignin degradation is reduced, similar to brown-rot fungi, but both have maintained a rich array of genes related to carbohydrate degradation, similar to white-rot fungi. These characteristics appear to have evolved from white-rot ancestors with stronger ligninolytic ability. Fistulina hepatica shows characteristics of brown rot both in terms of wood decay genes found in its genome and the decay that it causes. However, genes related to cellulose degradation are still present, which is a plesiomorphic characteristic shared with its white-rot ancestors. Four wood degradation-related genes, homologs of which are frequently lost in brown-rot fungi, show signs of pseudogenization in the genome of F. hepatica. These results suggest that transition towards a brown rot lifestyle could be an ongoing process in F. hepatica. Our results reinforce the idea that wood decay mechanisms are more diverse than initially thought and that the dichotomous separation of wood decay mechanisms in Agaricomycotina into white rot and brown rot should be revisited.

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“…Brown rot fungi have evolved to specifically breakdown cellulose and other polysaccharides from wood. The mechanisms of wood cellulose depolymerisation by brown rot fungi have been hypothesised to occur via the production of extracellular toxic oxygen radicals such as the highly reactive hydroxyl radical via the Fenton reaction [19,40]. The role of iron in such reactions as well as other metabolic processes have been strongly documented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Soil Characteristics on Wood Biodeterioration by Brown Rot Fungi

Ribera

Michel²,

Schwarze

2020

Applied Sciences

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Soil conditions can directly influence the inoculum potential of wood decay fungi, which is likely to be a major factor in the premature failure of utility poles across Europe. The objective of our study was to assess the influence of soil pH, humic acid and iron on wood decay. For this purpose, we incubated Fe-impregnated wood specimens on artificial medium to evaluate the influence of the metal on the activity of brown rot fungi. Moreover, the impact of Cu-leaching from impregnated wood specimens that were exposed to humic acid solutions was measured. In addition, weight losses caused by brown rot fungi in impregnated wood pole segments and stiffness (Young’s modulus of Elasticity) of Cu-impregnated wood specimens were quantified. The pH measurements showed that the soil samples were slightly acid (pH = 6.7 ± 0.7). In comparison to non-impregnated controls, the Fe-impregnated samples significantly increased weight losses by brown rot fungi (>30–40%). In the presence of humic acid the release of copper from chromium-free wood preservatives (up to 143.34 mg L−1) was enhanced. Weight losses in impregnated wood segments by brown rot fungi ranged from 5.3 to 20.4%. The recorded reduction in stiffness by brown rot fungi ranged from approximately 3.96 to 55.52% for Cu-impregnated wood specimens after 12 weeks. Our study shows that the pH, humic acid, iron content and selected wood preservatives greatly influence susceptibility of impregnated wood to brown rot fungi during ground contact.

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Decomposition of Wood by Brown-Rot Fungi

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes?

Can leaf degrading enzymes provide evidence that endophytic fungi becoming saprobes?

Evolution of novel wood decay mechanisms in Agaricales revealed by the genome sequences of Fistulina hepatica and Cylindrobasidium torrendii

Influence of Soil Characteristics on Wood Biodeterioration by Brown Rot Fungi

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