Decomposition products of cylindrospermopsin – a cyanotoxin produced by Raphidiopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska)

Abstract

Toxins produced by cyanobacteria (cyanotoxins) and released into water have become a serious problem worldwide due to the increasing morbidity and mortality of living organisms they have caused. The ability to synthesize the cytotoxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has been demonstrated in several freshwater species of cyanobacteria. CYN is highly chemically stable under environmental factors and decomposes only under alkaline conditions, where it forms derivatives. The toxicity potential of the decomposition products formed at pH 10 combined with high temperature (100°C) or UV-B irradiation (36 μmol m−2 s−1) has been research based on the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus (Thamnotoxkit FTM) and bacteria Vibrio fischeri (Deltatox® II) bioassays. This paper is a continuation and completion of our previous experiments and the obtained results showed that the applied conditions contributed to the decomposition of the CYN molecule to non-toxic products and its structural modifications by separating the uracil ring or/and the sulfate group from the tricyclic guanidine moiety, leading to a reduction in its toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the toxicity of CYN decomposition products formed under alkaline conditions combined with boiling temperature or UV-B irradiation.

Phytoremediation of CYN, MC-LR and ANTX-a from Water by the Submerged Macrophyte Lemna trisulca

“…In other works, it was confirmed that L. trisulca also demonstrated the ability to degrade adsorbed ANTX-a [ 13 ], and another species of Lemna—L. minor exhibited the ability to eliminate MC-LR from water enriched with it, and L. gibba showed MC-LR accumulation from toxic Microcystis culture extract [ 12 , 56 , 57 ]. In comparison to these two toxins, little is known about CYN phytoremediation by macrophytes, and current studies are mainly based on the biodegradation of this compound by microorganisms such as Aeromonas sp.…”