Decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of free phenylacetic acid in depressive illness

Sandler, M.; Ruthven, C.R.J.; Goodwin, B.L.; Coppen, Alec

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(79)90261-4

Cited by 85 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It has been reported that phenylethylamine is the main precursor of phenylacetic acid and PAG upon a phenylalanine load [6]. This monoamine has been related to various mental disturbances [8,9]. Furthermore, phenylalanine metabo lites, accumulating because of impaired hydroxylation of phenylalanine in phenylketonuria, are proposed to cause 1 Supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Coun cil (projects I9X-1002 and 03X-3532).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylacetylglutamine and Hippuric Acid in Uremic and Healthy Subjects

Zimmerman

Jörnvall

Bergström

1990

Nephron

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Phenylacetyglutamine (PAG) and hippuric acid (HA) were determined in protein-free filtrates of plasma and urine from patients with chronic renal failure and healthy subjects, using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma accumulation of the metabolites was detected when the creatinine clearance was below 15 ml/min. Protein-binding studies showed that PAG was not bound to plasma proteins but that HA was partly bound. Concentrations of PAG and free HA in plasma did not correlate with values of serum urea or creatinine. Hemodialysis decreased the plasma concentration of PAG and free HA to about the same extent as that of urea and creatinine. The average renal clearances of PAG and HA were about 1.4 and 5 times higher, respectively, than the creatinine clearance. The daily excretion rates of PAG, HA, urea, and creatinine were similar in non-dialysis patients with a creatinine clearance higher than 15 ml/min and in healthy subjects, whereas patients with a creatinine clearance below 15 ml/min had lower excretion rates of urea, creatinine, and HA. However, the average excretion rate of PAG was in the same range in uremic and healthy subjects. The excretion rate of HA, but not of PAG, correlated with that of urea and creatinine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenylacetylglutamine and Hippuric Acid in Uremic and Healthy Subjects

Zimmerman

Jörnvall

Bergström

1990

Nephron

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“…Our results differ from the earlier CSF PAA literature in schizophrenia, wherein significantly higher and lower levels are both reported (see introduction). One other study in major depression reported significantly lower levels (25). Variability in PAA studies is partly explained by the uncertain fraction of C S F PAA that is derived from neuronal PEA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid in mental illness: behavioral associations and response to neuroleptic treatment

Sharma

Faull

Javaid

et al. 1995

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid (CSF PAA) were obtained from normal controls and from drug-free psychiatric inpatients (schizophrenia, major depression, mania, and schizoaffective disorder). Post-treatment CSF PAA levels were obtained from 16 patients after 4 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. Phenylacetic acid levels were higher in women and were significantly correlated with age. There were no differences in CSF PAA levels between the various diagnostic groups and no difference between the paranoid and the nonparanoid subtypes of schizophrenia. CSF PAA was significantly correlated with several measures of psychopathology, especially the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale hostility/suspiciousness factor. Neuroleptic treatment did not result in significant PAA changes. These findings are discussed in light of the amphetamine-like role ascribed to phenylethylamine, the precursor of PAA.

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“…The GC-MS methods 6,7,11,12,14,[18][19][20][21] took so much analytical-cost and -time that their practical use is restricted to small numbers of sample determinations. A combination of precolumn derivatization using o-phthalaldehyde with HPLCelectrochemical or fluorescence detection was also used to determine PEA in human plasma, 7,8,17,24,25,26 human cerebrospinal fluid, and human urine.…”

Section: Improved Methods For Determination Of β-Phenylethylamine In Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] It has some properties in terms of chemical structure, pharmacological and behavioral effects in the central nerve system that are similar to those of amphetamine, a psychotomimetic. 4,5 PEA has also been related to the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, [6][7][8] depression, [9][10][11][12] other psychiatric disorders, 13,15 and Parkinson's disease. 13,14 Several previous analytical methods, involving HPLC 11,12,,22-26 and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 6,7,11,12,14,[18][19][20][21] have been developed for the assay of PEA in human plasma.…”

Section: Improved Methods For Determination Of β-Phenylethylamine In Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

IMPROVED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF Β-Phenylethylamine IN HUMAN PLASMA BY SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FLUORESCENCE DETECTION

Kawamura

Matsumoto

Nakahara

et al. 2000

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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A simple, selective, and reproducible method was developed for the quantitative determination of β-phenylethylamine (PEA) in human plasma. The method involved sample clean-up procedure by a solid-phase extraction using a Sep-Pak C 18 cartridge in the presence of phenylpropylamine (PPA) as an internal standard followed by pre-column fluorescence derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde, 2-mercaptoethanol. PEA and PPA were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C 18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of a 0.0375 M acetate (pH 5.5)/acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) buffer and detected fluorometrically. A linear relationship was achieved between the peak area ratios of PEA/PPA and PEA concentrations over the range of 250 to 2000 pg/injection (one injection=40 µL). The limit of detection for PEA at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 4 pg/injection (100 pg/mL) in a standard solution. Total analysis was achieved in less than 25 minutes with the average PEA recov-

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Decreased cerebrospinal fluid concentration of free phenylacetic acid in depressive illness

Cited by 85 publications

References 6 publications

Phenylacetylglutamine and Hippuric Acid in Uremic and Healthy Subjects

Phenylacetylglutamine and Hippuric Acid in Uremic and Healthy Subjects

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of phenylacetic acid in mental illness: behavioral associations and response to neuroleptic treatment

IMPROVED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF Β-Phenylethylamine IN HUMAN PLASMA BY SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH FLUORESCENCE DETECTION

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