“…The list of potential covariates included age in years, sex (women or men), BMI in kg/m 2 , educational level (below elementary school, elementary school, middle and high school, college and above), marital status (married, separated or divorced, widowed, others (e.g., single, living together)), geographical region (Ansan or Ansung), physical activity (yes or no as to whether the study participants regularly exercise to make their bodies sweat at least once a week), smoking (never, former, current), alcohol consumption (never, former, moderate, heavy), diabetes mellitus (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), hyperlipidemia (yes or no), cerebrovascular disease (yes or no), prior diagnosis of cancer (yes or no), relative temperature in °C, relative humidity in %, and season of participants’ study visit. We included relative temperature and humidity, as well as the season of the study visit, based on their relationship with PM concentrations documented in the literature [ 19 , 20 ].…”