Decreased Risk of Symptomatic Chlamydial Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Associated With Oral Contraceptive Use

Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives

“…The same degree of protection (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 -0.9) was observed in another casecontrol study comparing 141 women with PID verified by laparoscopy or endometrial biopsy and 739 randomly selected, sexually active controls [59] . A larger reduction in risk (76%) of acute salpingitis in OC users versus nonusers was noted in a case-control study of 738 women [60] . In addition to the protective effect of OCs, PID occurring during OC use seems to be associated with a decreased severity of inflammation as judged by laparoscopy [61] .…”

Sociodemographic Markers and Behavioral Correlates of Sexually Transmitted Infections in a Nonclinical Sample of Adolescent and Young Adult Women

“…Some studies have suggested that the use of oral contraceptives increases the risk for C. trachomatis cervical infection [52,53], others suggested that they decrease the risk for C. trachomatis cervical infection [54,55], and yet others found no effect [56]. Other research has suggested that oral contraceptives do not appear to increase the risk for N. gonorrhoeae cervical infection [57][58][59]. The importance of oral contraceptives and cervical STI lies in the question of the link to PID [60].…”

Secrecy, disclosure and accidental discovery: Perspectives of diaphragm users in Mombasa, Kenya

“…Limited evidence from observational studies suggests that the diaphragm protects against STI and their sequelae, including gonorrhoea (Austin et al 1984, Rosenberg et al 1992, pelvic inflammatory disease (Wolner-Hanssen et al 1990) and cervical dysplasia (Becker et al 1994). This is biologically plausible-the cervix being a primary entry site for STIs such as HIV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and the human papilloma virus (Moench et al 2001).…”