Deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the treatment of generalized and frontal epilepsies

Abstract

SUMMARYPurpose: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus is an emerging surgical option for people with medically refractory epilepsy that is not suitable for resective surgery, or in whom surgery has failed. Our main aim was to evaluate the efficacy of bilateral centromedian thalamic nucleus (CMN) DBS for seizure control in generalized epilepsy and frontal lobe epilepsy with a two-center, single-blind, controlled trial. Methods: Participants were adults with refractory generalized or frontal lobe epilepsy. Seizure diaries were kept by patients/carers prospectively from enrollment. The baseline preimplantation period was followed by a control period consisting of a blind stimulation-OFF phase of at least 3 months, a 3-month blind stimulation-ON phase, and a 6-month unblinded stimulation-ON phase. The control period was followed by an unblinded long-term extension phase with stimulation-ON in those patients in whom stimulation was thought to be effective. Key Findings: Eleven patients were recruited at King's College Hospital (London, United Kingdom United Kingdom) and at University Hospital La Princesa (Madrid, Spain). Among the five patients with frontal lobe epilepsy, only one patient had >50% improvement in seizure frequency during the blind period. In the long-term extension phase, two patients with frontal lobe epilepsy had >50% improvement in seizure frequency. All six patients with generalized epilepsy had >50% improvement in seizure frequency during the blind period. In the long-term extension phase, five of the six patients showed >50% improvement in the frequency of major seizures (one became seizure free, one had >99% improvement, and three had 60-95% reduction in seizure frequency). Among patients with generalized epilepsy, the DBS implantation itself appears to be effective, as two patients remained seizure free during 12 and 50 months with DBS OFF, and the remaining four had 50-91% improvement in the initial 3 months with DBS OFF. Significance: DBS implantation and stimulation of the CMN appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment, particularly in patients with refractory generalized epilepsy. CMN stimulation was not as effective in frontal lobe epilepsy, which requires further studies. DBS of the CMN should be considered as a treatment option, particularly in patients with refractory generalized epilepsy syndromes.

Integrating Diffusion Tensor Imaging-Based Tractography into Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Review of the Literature

“…Since the 1980s, when the first patient was treated with DBS for essential tremor, DBS has been established as a standard therapy for movement disorders that cannot be controlled with medication [10,11,12,13]. Currently, there are over 100,000 patients worldwide treated with DBS for movement disorders [11,12,13,14].…”

“…Currently, there are over 100,000 patients worldwide treated with DBS for movement disorders [11,12,13,14]. Although DBS controls the main symptoms, some manifestations of these disorders do not improve with stimulation in the usual targets [15].…”

Clinical Outcome of Patients with Deep Brain Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nucleus for Refractory Epilepsy and Location of the Active Contacts

“…Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus is an emerging treatment for patients with medically refractory epilepsy who are not suitable for resective surgery [1,2]. Several clinical studies have tested the efficacy of stimulation of different brain structures, including the anterior thalamic nucleus, centromedian nucleus (CM), subthalamic nucleus, medial temporal structures, nucleus accumbens, and other cortical structures [2].…”

“…Several clinical studies have tested the efficacy of stimulation of different brain structures, including the anterior thalamic nucleus, centromedian nucleus (CM), subthalamic nucleus, medial temporal structures, nucleus accumbens, and other cortical structures [2]. Among several DBS targets for refractory epilepsy, CM stimulation is reportedly an effective treatment of generalized epilepsy, including generalized tonic-clonic seizures and atypical absence for more than a decade [3,4].…”

Deep Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Epilepsy: Circuits, Targets, and Trials

“…Andrade et al [104] reported 2 patients in an uncontrolled design, 1 of whom had a seizure reduction of >50 %. Most recently, Valentín et al [105] reported 11 patients (5 with frontal lobe epilepsy, 6 with primary generalized epilepsy) treated with CMT DBS at 2 centers (London and Madrid).…”