Deep eutectic assisted synthesis of carbon adsorbents highly suitable for low-pressure separation of CO2–CH4 gas mixtures

Patiño, Julián; Gutiérrez, Marı́a C.; Carriazo, Daniel; Ania, Conchi O.; Parra, J.B.; Ferrer, M. Luisa; Monte, Francisco del

doi:10.1039/c2ee22029f

Cited by 74 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] In 2010, they explored the suitability of DESs based on a mixture of ethylene glycol and choline chloride (molar ratio 2:1, DES-1, Figure 11) to achieve the polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde. 82 However, the DES investigated in this work, because of its thermal instability, was demonstrated to be not a real carbon precursor, but a simple solvent and a catalyst that can promote the polycondensation of resorcinol-formaldehyde.…”

Section: Deep-eutectic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon materialization of ionic liquids: from solvents to materials

2015

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Synthesis, characteristics, porous design, and potential applications of novel carbon materials derived from ionic liquids precursors have been reviewed, including future trends and prospects in this direction.Carbon materials have been extensively used in diverse areas , especially in energy-related applications. Traditionally, these materials have been synthesized by carbonization of lowvapor-pressure natural or synthetic polymers. However, the polymer-related procedures are multistep and time consuming because of limited solubility and complicated synthesis. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs), composed of entirely cations and anions, have emerged as a new family of carbon precursors. The carbon-rich nature of ILs, coupled with their attractive properties such as diverse cation-anion combinations, low volatilities, and high thermal stabilities, not only greatly simplifies the entire carbonization process, but also gives rise to carbons with attractive features, which are distinct from those of carbons obtained using conventional polymer precursors, such as very high nitrogen contents and conductivities. In this review, we highlight recent approaches to the preparation of carbon materials using ILs as versatile precursors. We begin with a brief introduction to these novel precursors, discussing the key structures and properties of ILs that enable successful carbonization, and then address synthetic techniques for the fabrication of advanced porous carbons from ILs by either self-or external-template methods, followed by a review of the potential applications of ionic-liquidderived carbons. The review concludes with an overview of possible directions for future research in this field.In contrast, because of their high surface areas, electrical conductivities, low costs, and excellent chemical, mechanical, and thermal stabilities, carbon materials have been extensively used in diverse areas such as environmental treatment, catalysis, sensing, separation, gas capture/storage, and, particularly, as electrode materials or electrocatalysts for energy conversion/storage. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Carbon materials are generally prepared by carbonization of carboncontaining precursors at high temperature. The nature of the organic precursor is crucial to the preparation process (e.g., interactions between precursor and template 19 ), and the structures, properties, and performances of the final carbons. The chemical compositions of the precursors are often reflected in the final carbons, and strongly affect characteristics such as the carbon yield, porosity, surface area, graphitization, conductivity, and heteroatom doping. Most organic compounds are completely evaporated or decomposed to gaseous products during high-temperature carbonization, therefore currently available precursors are rather limited, and are mainly low-vaporpressure natural or synthetic polymers. 20 However, polymer-related procedures are multistep and time consuming. Moreover, for carbons derived from "hard carbon" precursors such as sucrose and furfuryl a...

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Section: Deep-eutectic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon materialization of ionic liquids: from solvents to materials

2015

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“…IL based syntheses of carbon materials have been established in manifold ways in recent years of research. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][21][22][23][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] Especially liquid salts with dicyanamide anions are a powerful precursor for N-doped carbons, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and for advanced co-doping with S. 27 Herein we present a modified IL route using phosphonium additives, paving the way towards P-and N-co-doped carbonsa class of materials only rarely reported in the literature so far. 36 BMP-dca with 40 mol% of tetrabutyl-phosphonium-bromide (TBuPBr) as a phosphorus source was therefore carbonised at 1000 1C in a constant flow of inert gas (see ESI † for details).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrogen- and phosphorus-co-doped carbons with tunable enhanced surface areas promoted by the doping additives

et al. 2013

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Herein we present a modified IL route using phosphonium additives, paving the way towards P-and N-co-doped carbonsa class of materials only rarely reported in the literature so far. 36BMP-dca with 40 mol% of tetrabutyl-phosphonium-bromide (TBuPBr) as a phosphorus source was therefore carbonised at 1000 1C in a constant flow of inert gas (see ESI † for details). The black solid product is a carbonaceous material exhibiting a local graphitic order that is limited in its extension. This can be derived from the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns showing broadened, but intense, (002) and (100) reflexes typical for a stacking motif in turbostratic-like carbons (compare Fig. S1, ESI †). The black product was also characterised by means of elemental combustion analysis (EA) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine the degree of heteroatom-doping: 4.1 wt% of N-doping (EA) and 5.7 wt% of P-doping (ICP-OES) are revealed. The material is thus successfully dually doped; especially the remarkably high degree of P-doping compared to other approaches 36-38 is noteworthy and points out the advantages of the method. To also prove the homogeneity of the material, elemental mapping based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDX) was performed. The data are provided in the ESI † (Fig. S2-S5, ESI †), showing clearly that the dopants are spread homogeneously throughout the material. Significant local concentration maxima cannot be found. The binding environments of both N and P could be elucidated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the detailed N1s and P2p scans are depicted in Fig. 1. The results for nitrogen are as expected according to our previous studies:1,2,27,46 three deconvolved contributions appear at 398.13 eV, 400.88 eV and 402.80 eV that can be assigned to pyridinic and pyrollic nitrogen species, quaternary graphitic nitrogen and minor oxidised nitrogen binding motifs (due to oxidative processes on the surface of the materials), respectively. 16,34,49,50 The N doping thus occurs with N atoms firmly bound to the carbon backbone. To clearly assign the P2p XPS scan to certain chemical environments is however more difficult. Fig. 1 Deconvolved XPS scans of the N1s and P2p orbitals of the material.

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“…We have also described the synthesis of DESs composed of resorcinol and 4-hexylresorcinol (as hydrogen donors) and tetraethylammonium bromide (as hydrogen acceptor) that played an important role in the preparation of hierarchical porous (bimodal, with micro-and macropores) carbon monoliths [65]. In this case, DESs provided a suitable liquid medium for 4-hexylresorcinol dissolution that was C for nitrogen-doped monoliths obtained after thermal treatment at 600 C. Reprinted with permission from [67] not possible otherwise (e.g., using aqueous solutions).…”

Section: Glycerolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former was achieved by using ternary DESs composed of resorcinol, urea, and ChCl [64] while the latter upon the use of DESs composed of not only resorcinol but also an alkyl-modified resorcinol (e.g., hexylresorcinol) as precursors for the polycondensation reaction ( Fig. 2.3) [65]. Moreover, the preparation of carbon-carbon-carbon nanotube (CNT) composites with intriguing structures can also be done upon the use of low-viscosity DESs that allow the homogeneous dispersion of high loadings of CNTs before polycondensation starts ( Fig.…”

Section: Use Of Dess In the Synthesis Of Porous Carbon Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%